Study of Self-Help and Support Services for Student Mental Health in Tertiary Institutions

It is a 7-item scale to assess the extent to which respondents are bothered by anxiety-related symptoms using a 4-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). Scores of 5, 10, and 15 denote the mild, moderate, and severe levels of anxiety respectively (range: 0-21). At a cut-off of 10, GAD-7 has sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.82 in detecting generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The internal consistency of the Chinese version was 0.93.

It includes 9 items to assess the extent to which respondents are bothered by depression-related symptoms using a 4-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). PHQ-9 has been validated and used widely in the general population for screening and measuring depression severity. Scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 denote mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe levels of depression respectively (range: 0-27). PHQ-9 has sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.88 in detecting major depressive disorder (MDD) at a cut-off of 10. The internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of the scale was 0.86.

It assesses the person's perception and reaction to seeking professional help using a 5-point scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The SSOH consists of 10 items. Total scores ranged from 10 to 50, where higher scores indicate higher levels of self-stigma of seeking help. The measurement demonstrated good reliability and validity in previous studies.

The individual level subscale was adopted, which contains 6 items to assess the level of self-empowerment in mental health using a 5-point scale from 0 (Never or almost never) to 5 (Always or almost always). Total scores ranged from 6 to 30, where higher scores indicated higher level of ability in managing emotion and mental health. The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency and construct validity.

The EQ-5D-5L comprises five dimensions, MOBILITY, SELF-CARE, USUAL ACTIVITIES, PAIN /DISCOMFORT and ANXIETY/ DEPRESSION, each dimension has five response levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, unable to/extreme problems. The respondent is asked to indicate his/her health state by checking the box next to the most appropriate response level for each of the five dimensions. Responses are coded as single-digit numbers expressing the severity level selected in each dimension. The digits for the five dimensions can be combined in a 5-digit code that describes the respondent\'s health state; for instance, 21111 means slight problems in the mobility dimension and no problems in any of the other dimensions.

Nonattachment Scale-Short Form (NAS-SF) includes 8 items to measure nonattachment using a 6-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Total scores ranged from 8 to 48, where higher scores indicated higher levels of nonattachment. It yielded satisfactory internal consistency and validity.

The 5-item General Mattering Scale measures perceptions and feelings of being important to other people (e.g., "How much would you be missed if you went away?"). Items are rated on a scale ranging from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot) with good reliability and validity. Total scores ranged from 5 to 20, where higher scores indicated higher level of mattering.

The Anti-Mattering Scale is a five-item scale ranging from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot) assessing the degree to which people feel like they do not matter to others. Sample item include "To what extent have you been made to feel like you are invisible?". Total scores ranged from 5 to 20, where higher scores indicated lower levels of mattering.

It contains 4 items on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (none at all) to 7 (very true) to assess the self-perceived competence in maintaining regular self-care. Total scores ranged from 4 to 28, where higher scores indicated higher levels of self-perceived competence in maintaining regular self-care.

It contains 15 items on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (not true at all) to 5 (completely true) to understand the reason for beginning or keeping regular mental self-care. Higher scores in each item indicate higher importance of the reason for keeping mental self-care.

The scale utilizes a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 = never to 4 = regularly, to measure self-care in six factors: physical care, supportive relationships, mindful awareness, self-compassion and purpose, mindful relaxation, and supportive structure. A higher score indicates a higher frequency of engaging in mindful self-care within the past week. The scale demonstrates adequate reliability with Cronbach's coefficient alphas equal to 0.89 for the total 33-item.

It evaluates the self-efficacy of college students in academic settings. It consisted of 20 items that load into three subscales: Course Efficacy, Social Efficacy, and Roommate Efficacy. In this study, only 16 items on Course Efficacy, Social Efficacy will be included since dormitory is not usually available for students at post-secondary institutions. The confidence level is measured by using a scale ranging from 1 (Not confident at all) to 10 (Extremely confident). Higher scores in each subscale demonstrate a higher level of self-efficacy in that dimension.

It contains 21 items to measure basic psychological need satisfaction in 3 subscales: Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness. The scale used a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all true ) to 7 (very true). Higher scores in each subscale indicated a higher degree to which the person experiences satisfaction with each of the three needs.