Integration of the Wingate Test Into Virtual Reality Based System

Virtual reality (VR) is defined as a three-dimensional graphical representation created by imaging technologies, where people are virtually present and real and imaginary environments are computer-generated. Applications that incorporate VR provide training in stimulating and enriched environments using visual, auditory, and tactile inputs. The virtual environment provides feedback to enhance motor learning and allows individuals to safely explore their environment independently by increasing their sense of autonomy in high-intensity training protocols. The effect of VR can be strong enough to allow participants to respond realistically. Participants' behavior can be altered as if they were exposed to a real-life scenario. Furthermore, being inside an avatar, where the virtual body feels like one's own, creates the perception that an action of the avatar is intended by the participant in their own brain.

In recent years, thanks to the advantages and possibilities offered by VR technologies, it has been widely used as an alternative rehabilitation program. It can improve functional abilities, such as repetition of specific tasks, in various rehabilitation patients. Literature has shown its benefits for upper and lower limb disorders, balance gait, and cognitive disorders. VR-based isokinetic training was found more effective than traditional exercise for pain management and preventing kinesiophobia. VR-based treadmill training in children with cerebral palsy has been shown to contribute more to gait quality, muscle strength gains, and the development of balance skills than classical treadmill training. The incorporation of VR applications into treatment programs has many advantages in use, such as reducing space and time dependency through entertainment and motivation, providing detailed feedback on performance, being simple, inexpensive, and reliable, allowing multiple repetitions of activities, stimulating motor learning and cortical plasticity, providing social interaction and supporting cognitive function.

The use of fast, high-intensity activities such as sprinting and jumping in sports makes accurate anaerobic assessment essential, particularly in athletes. Although many different methods/tests have been proposed for the measurement of anaerobic components, the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is considered to be the gold standard. The WAnT is a maximal intensity cycle ergometer test developed in the 1970s. The commonly accepted performance components of the WAnT are peak power, average power, and fatigue index. Peak power is defined as the highest mechanical power achieved during the test in any 5-second period and is taken as the average power. Average power is the average power maintained over a 6x5 second period. The fatigue index is expressed as a percentage of the amount of drop in peak power during the test. The sum of these three components of power is considered to be an objective indicator of the anaerobic power of the athlete.

It is known that the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs provided externally to the individual during physiotherapy assessment enhance the individual's test performance and allow the test to be completed with maximum participation. Verbal feedback provided to the athlete showed an increase in the athlete's peak power and speed in the assessed upper body region in a study conducted on an elite group of athletes consisting of rugby players. This suggests that motivational guidance such as feedback or verbal encouragement given to the patient or sports person during the assessment may positively or negatively affect the assessment result. When a high level of performance is expected, external stimuli such as musical stimuli play a very important role in performance activation. Heart rate, respiratory rate, movement rate, and pulse rate tend to synchronize with the rhythm of the music. There is evidence in the literature that listening to music during WAnT can physiologically improve relative anaerobic exercise performance, although the reasons for this are speculative.

It suggests that assessment methods that include VR-integrated scenarios and provide auditory and visual feedback may be useful in terms of reproducibility by eliminating the differences between evaluators and ensuring that the verbal-auditory feedback given to participants during the assessment is at the same level. Our study aimed to investigate the applicability of goggle-integrated WAnT with virtual reality-based scenarios in athletes, evaluating the effect and difference of WAnT on performance compared to classical applications.