Secondhand Smoke ExposureNCT06683144
Effects of Health Belief Model Interventions on Preventive Beliefs in Secondhand Smoke Exposure
A study testing Exposure feedback, Interactive education and Social media post in people with Secondhand Smoke Exposure, run by Akdeniz University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of feedback, interactive education, and social media interventions based on the health belief model on protective beliefs in adults at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke at home. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 64 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Secondhand Smoke Exposure
- What is being tested?
- Exposure feedback, Interactive education and Social media post
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 93 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jun 2025to 10 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 64 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
None listed.
Who cannot join
- Individuals who do not speak Turkish,
- Pregnant individuals,
- Participants who have been living apart from SHS exposure sources in the week leading up to data collection.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing
Antalya, Konyaaltı, 07070
Ercan Asi, +905342087249, ercanasi@akdeniz.edu.tr
About this study
Official title: Effects of Feedback, Education, and Social Media Interventions Based on the Health Belief Model on Preventive Beliefs in Adults Exposed to Secondhand Smoke At Home.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of feedback, interactive education, and social media interventions based on the health belief model on protective beliefs in adults at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke at home.
Read the detailed description
Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, also known as environmental tobacco smoke, passive smoke or involuntary smoke, is caused by the burning of cigarettes and other tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by a smoker. Although Turkey is one of the best countries in combating SHS exposure, one in four adults is exposed to SHS at home. One of the most important reasons for this exposure is the lack of deterrent policies for the home environment, which is considered a private area. It is entirely possible for non-smoking individuals to be protected from SHS exposure at home through their own efforts. In this context, the knowledge, behaviors and perceptions of non-smoking adults about exposure are important in preventing or reducing SHS exposure at home. Interventions based on the behavior change model can be effective in developing protective behaviors in adults at risk of SHS exposure at home. Individual and group interventions using multiple educational materials and methods based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) (SHS exposure feedback, interactive group education and social media sharing) can develop protective behaviors in individuals at home.
- Conditions
- Secondhand Smoke Exposure
- Being tested
- Exposure feedback, Interactive education, Social media post
- Keywords
- secondhand smoke, exposure, health belief model
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Exposure feedbackBehavioural
- Determining the actual SHS exposure risk level and providing feedback.
- Determining the urinary cotinine test result and providing feedback.
- Feedback on the consistency or difference between the perceived SHS exposure risk level and the actual SHS exposure risk level.
Interactive educationBehavioural
Slide presentation, video presentation, Q\&A, evaluation of learning and discussion of results
Social media postBehavioural
Sharing informational materials such as messages, brochures, and videos related to SHS exposure, including ways to protect yourself from SHS exposure and the adverse health effects of SHS exposure.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure feedback group | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Exposure feedback |
| Interactive education group | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Exposure feedback; Behavioral: Interactive education |
| Social media group | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Exposure feedback; Behavioral: Social media post |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Health belief model scale for prevention behaviors of secondhand smoke exposure (HBM-SHS)
The 35-item scale, scored on a five-point Likert scale from "Strongly Disagree (1)" to "Strongly Agree (5)," assesses six subdimensions: "perceived susceptibility," "perceived seriousness," "perceived benefits," "perceived barriers," "self-efficacy," and "behavioral cues." Items on "perceived susceptibility" and "perceived barriers" are reverse coded. Scores range from 35 to 175, with higher scores indicating stronger health beliefs about SHS exposure and greater beliefs in each subdimension.
Measured: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Secondary outcomes (4)
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is conducted through four questions addressing whether there is a smoker in the household, household tobacco use rules, tobacco use in enclosed areas, and the time since the last use. Responses are scored categorically: absence of risk is scored as 0, while the presence and intensity of risk are scored as 1 or more. A score of at least one indicates "risk." SHS exposure risk is scored from 0 to 10, with any score of 1 or above indicating the presence of risk. Total risk assessment scores are represented on a real risk scale of 0-10. According to expert evaluations, the content validity index (CVI) of the questions assessing participants' SHS exposure risk level is 0.86.
Measured: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Actual Risk Assessment
In adults at risk of SHS exposure, urinary cotinine analysis will be conducted using a cotinine urine test kit. The test detects cotinine in the urine, indicating SHS exposure. The strip is dipped into the urine sample for 10 seconds, and the result is read within 5 minutes. In a negative result, both the control (C) and test (T) lines will appear, while in a positive result, only the control line (C) will appear. If neither the C nor T lines are visible, or if only the T line appears, the test is invalid.
Measured: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Perceived SHS Exposure Risk
In adults, SHS exposure risk will be assessed based on the perceived level of risk. Participants' awareness of SHS exposure will be measured by their responses to the question, "How would you describe your risk of being exposed to SHS in your home?" with options such as "No risk at all," "Somewhat at risk," or "At very high risk." Additionally, participants' perceived SHS exposure risk level will be evaluated based on their numerical responses to the question, "What would your risk of SHS exposure in your home be on a scale from 0 to 10?" Each number will represent the participant's perceived (exposure risk probability) risk.
Measured: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
ThirdHand Smoke Beliefs Scale (BATHS)
This scale was developed by Haardörfer and colleagues in 2017 to identify beliefs about third-hand smoke (THS). The scale includes 5 items related to the health effects of THS and 4 items regarding its persistence in the environment. The items are rated using a 5-point Likert scale, with the following coding: 5 = Strongly agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Neutral, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree. The total score of the scale is obtained by dividing the sum of the item scores by the number of items. A score closer to 5 for each item indicates the individual believes in the health and environmental effects of THS, while a score closer to 1 indicates disbelief.
Measured: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Nov 2024
- Study start1 Jun 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion10 Jun 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion10 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Secondhand Smoke ExposureStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Akdeniz UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 93 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Akdeniz University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ercan Asi, Akdeniz University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06683144
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AU-NF-EA-01
- Status last verified
- Nov 2024
- First submitted
- 8 Nov 2024
- Last updated
- 13 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Feedback, Education, and Social Media Interventions Based on the Health Belief Model on Preventive Beliefs in Adults Exposed to Secondhand Smoke At Home.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06683144
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AU-NF-EA-01
- Conditions
- Secondhand Smoke Exposure
- Keywords
- secondhand smoke, exposure, health belief model
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 93 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Akdeniz UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jun 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 10 Jun 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 10 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 12 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of feedback, interactive education, and social media interventions based on the health belief model on protective beliefs in adults at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke at home.
Detailed description
Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, also known as environmental tobacco smoke, passive smoke or involuntary smoke, is caused by the burning of cigarettes and other tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by a smoker. Although Turkey is one of the best countries in combating SHS exposure, one in four adults is exposed to SHS at home. One of the most important reasons for this exposure is the lack of deterrent policies for the home environment, which is considered a private area. It is entirely possible for non-smoking individuals to be protected from SHS exposure at home through their own efforts. In this context, the knowledge, behaviors and perceptions of non-smoking adults about exposure are important in preventing or reducing SHS exposure at home. Interventions based on the behavior change model can be effective in developing protective behaviors in adults at risk of SHS exposure at home. Individual and group interventions using multiple educational materials and methods based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) (SHS exposure feedback, interactive group education and social media sharing) can develop protective behaviors in individuals at home.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure feedback group | Experimental | Behavioral: Exposure feedback |
| Interactive education group | Experimental | Behavioral: Exposure feedback, Behavioral: Interactive education |
| Social media group | Experimental | Behavioral: Exposure feedback, Behavioral: Social media post |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 64 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (0 listed)
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Individuals who do not speak Turkish,
- Pregnant individuals,
- Participants who have been living apart from SHS exposure sources in the week leading up to data collection.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure feedback* Determining the actual SHS exposure risk level and providing feedback. * Determining the urinary cotinine test result and providing feedback. * Feedback on the consistency or difference between the perceived SHS exposure risk level and the actual SHS exposure risk level. | Behavioural | Exposure feedback group, Interactive education group, Social media group |
| Interactive educationSlide presentation, video presentation, Q\&A, evaluation of learning and discussion of results | Behavioural | Interactive education group |
| Social media postSharing informational materials such as messages, brochures, and videos related to SHS exposure, including ways to protect yourself from SHS exposure and the adverse health effects of SHS exposure. | Behavioural | Social media group |
Primary outcome
Health belief model scale for prevention behaviors of secondhand smoke exposure (HBM-SHS)
Time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
The 35-item scale, scored on a five-point Likert scale from "Strongly Disagree (1)" to "Strongly Agree (5)," assesses six subdimensions: "perceived susceptibility," "perceived seriousness," "perceived benefits," "perceived barriers," "self-efficacy," and "behavioral cues." Items on "perceived susceptibility" and "perceived barriers" are reverse coded. Scores range from 35 to 175, with higher scores indicating stronger health beliefs about SHS exposure and greater beliefs in each subdimension.
4 secondary outcomes
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Risk Assessment
Time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Actual Risk Assessment
Time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Perceived SHS Exposure Risk
Time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
ThirdHand Smoke Beliefs Scale (BATHS)
Time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Feb 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Exposure feedback, Interactive education and Social media post in people with Secondhand Smoke Exposure, run by Akdeniz University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 0 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Ercan Asi (+905342087249, ercanasi@akdeniz.edu.tr), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Health belief model scale for prevention behaviors of secondhand smoke exposure (HBM-SHS) (time frame: Baseline and at first month later after intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Feb 2025.