Healthy MenNCT06701435
The Effect of Post-Training Cold Compression in Professional Volleyball Players
An observational study of Healthy Men, run by Kutahya Health Sciences University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Our study examining the effects of post-training cold compression on muscle oxygen saturation (MOS9), fatigue and jumping performance in professional male volleyball players. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 37 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy Men
- What is being tested?
- Cold Compression
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 20 Oct 2023to 20 May 2024
- How long will I take part?
- 24 Days
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 37 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: Professional Men's Volleyball Players
Who may be able to join
- Professional male volleyball player
- Performing 100-120 jumps in training (The number of jumps of the athletes in training was determined by Vert Classic (Model #JEM, Mayfonk Athletic, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA).
- Body Mass Index (BMI) below 30 kg/m2
- Voluntary participation in the study
Who cannot join
- Smoking
- The presence of any neurological, rheumatologic or systemic disease
- Any injury or trauma to the quadriceps muscle and lower extremity in the last six months
- The athlete has exercised after training
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Kutahya Health and Science University
Kütahya, Centre, 43020
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Post-Training Cold Compression on Muscle Oxygen Saturation and Jumping Performance in Professional Men Volleyball Players
Our study examining the effects of post-training cold compression on muscle oxygen saturation (MOS9), fatigue and jumping performance in professional male volleyball players.
Read the detailed description
Volleyball is an intermittent sport consisting of short and high-intensity phases where players jump and change direction suddenly. Intense muscle use during training, intense match schedules, short preparation phases and double trainings applied during the day can cause athletes to lose performance and increase injury rates. The performance of the athlete during the season depends on the amount and distribution of the training load and the appropriate recovery intervention applied during the season. Therefore, appropriate recovery interventions for athletes, shortening the recovery period and increasing its quality are very important. Recovery is a process in which the athlete's fatigue after intense training or matches is eliminated, lactic acid in the muscle and blood is removed, energy stores are restored to their previous level and myoglobin oxygenation is provided. One of the parameters used to examine the effects of muscle damage after exercise and to follow recovery is oxygen saturation. It is known that oxygen saturation in the muscle decreases during exercise and increases in the following recovery process. Different interventions are recommended to optimize the recovery of athletes during the season. Cold applications are the most frequently preferred method due to their practicality and accessibility after training as a recovery intervention. Although it has been reported that cold applications have positive effects on fatigue and general perceptual well-being, their effects on acute performance parameters are controversial. In recent years, the use of cold compression applications in the recovery process after training has become widespread in clinics and sports clubs due to the fact that they allow two types of application and are portable and practical. Cold compression devices aim to reduce tissue temperature, reduce pain, control inflammation and accelerate venous return by applying cold and compression simultaneously. This is achieved by continuous circulation of ice water using intermittent pneumatic compression. There are many studies in the literature on the effects of cold applications on performance parameters (no effect or negative effect) and fatigue (reducing muscle pain and fatigue effects). However, the effect of cold compression on recovery at different temperatures has not been determined. Determining the degree of cold applied and the response received, as well as better identifying recovery interventions applied in professional sports environments and developing cold application protocols applied during the post-training recovery process, and investigating the effects of cold compression on fatigue, performance parameters and recovery parameters will contribute significantly to the literature. Therefore, the aim of our study is to examine the effects of different degrees of cold compression applied to professional male volleyball players compared to passive rest on muscle oxygen saturation, fatigue level and performance.
- Conditions
- Healthy Men
- Being tested
- Cold Compression
- Keywords
- Oxygen saturation, jumping, volleyball, fatigue
- Medical subject headings
- Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Cold CompressionDevice
Cold compression was applied to the athletes with the Game Ready (Game Ready; Global, UK) device. The Game Ready (GR) device applies cooling to the tissue by continuous circulation of ice water with intermittent pneumatic compression. The GR consists of a sleeve that surrounds the affected tissue, a tank containing the ice water and a hose connecting the two. There are chambers inside the sleeve and the air pumped through these chambers and the broken ice pieces and water surround the tissue. The pressure settings are no compression (0 mmHg), low compression (5 to 15 mmHg), medium compression (5 to 50 mmHg) and high compression (5 to 75 mmHg). The ice water passes through the sleeve in 3-minute inflation and deflation cycles. The temperature of the water inside the device can be adjusted by adding ice and water. The temperature to be applied to the tissue is set with the screen on the device.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Degree Cold Compression Group | Cold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 1°C and the pressure was set to high compression (75 mm Hg). Since it is known that the applied pressure increases the effect of cold application and oxygenation in the tissue increases as the compression intensity increases (108), it was applied in the high option. Duration was preferred because the optimal range for the duration of cold applications is given as 11-15 minutes in the literature (120). Pneumatic intermittent compression with a standard ∼3-minute cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position. Receives: Device: Cold Compression | |
| 10 Degree Cold Compression Group | Cold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 10°C and the pressure to high compression (75 mm Hg). Pneumatic intermittent compression in a standard ∼3 min cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position. Receives: Device: Cold Compression | |
| Passive Rest Control Group | The athletes rested passively in the supine semi-recumbent position for 15 minutes after the training. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement
Muscle oxygen saturation measurements of the athletes were performed with the MOXY device (Fortiori Design LLC., Minnesota, USA). The MOXY device sends 4 separate near infrared lights and works with a system that goes 12.5-25 mm deep into the skin and gives a numerical average of the amount of light reflected between the sensors. The infrared device, called near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), measures total hemoglobin, oxygen saturation in capillaries and myoglobin saturation in the muscle. The electrodes are self-adhesive. The device has been shown to be a valid and reliable method for measuring muscle oxygenation (r=0.842-0.993, ICC: r=0.773-0.992). In the athletes in our study, superficial electrodes were placed midline on the quadriceps femoris muscle on the dominant side. Before placement, the electrode sites were shaved and cleaned with alcohol. All measurements were made at the same point and taken in the long sitting position.
Measured: Muscle oxygen saturation measurements were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of passive rest or cold compression and 24 hours later at follow-up.
Secondary outcomes (2)
Fatigue Measurement
The degree of fatigue perceived by the athletes after training was recorded with the Modified Borg Scale (BORG CR-10 Scale). The scale developed by Borg consists of definitions that come to certain numbers. The scale was introduced to the athletes verbally. Fatigue was graded between 0 and 10 (0: None, 10: Maximum). The Modified Borg Scale has been shown to be a valid and reliable method for the assessment of fatigue.
Measured: Fatigue measurements of the athletes were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of intervention and at follow-up after 24 hours.
Performance Measurement
Jump performance was evaluated with the Vert Coach (Mayfonk Athletic, Florida, USA). The device allows all athletes to measure and record jump height and number of jumps simultaneously during training or a match. It is frequently preferred due to its low cost and the fact that it does not require any extra measurement or effort for the performance evaluation of the athlete. The device measures 6×3×0.5 and has a motion-sensitive sensor on it. The sensor connected to the device is attached to the athlete's waist with an elastic belt. The sensor calculates the vertical displacement of each jump. The data is then transferred to a phone or tablet via bluetooth. The device has been shown to be a valid and reliable method of assessing vertical jump performance in volleyball players (r=0.75-0.97, ICC=0.97).
Measured: The jump heights of the athletes were automatically recorded with the Vert Coach in the training just before the application and in the second training 24 hours later and were included in the evaluation form.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Nov 2024
- Study start20 Oct 2023
- Primary completion20 May 2024
- Study completion20 May 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Healthy MenStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Kutahya Health Sciences UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Target duration
- 24 Days
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Kutahya Health Sciences University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Seval Tamer, Kutahya Health Sciences University
- Investigators
- seval tamer, asist. prof, Principal investigator, worker
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06701435
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- KSHU-ST-01
- Status last verified
- Oct 2023
- First submitted
- 20 Nov 2024
- Last updated
- 12 Dec 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Bhambhani YN. Muscle oxygenation trends during dynamic exercise measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004 Aug;29(4):504-23. doi: 10.1139/h04-033.
PubMed 15328597Alexander J, Jeffery J, Rhodes D. Recovery profiles of eccentric hamstring strength in response to cooling and compression. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021 Jul;27:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.03.010. Epub 2021 Mar 28.
PubMed 34391318Chow GCC, Yam TTT, Chung JWY, Fong SSM. Effects of postexercise ice-water and room-temperature water immersion on the sensory organization of balance control and lower limb proprioception in amateur rugby players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Feb;96(7):e6146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006146.
PubMed 28207546
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Dec 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Post-Training Cold Compression on Muscle Oxygen Saturation and Jumping Performance in Professional Men Volleyball Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06701435
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- KSHU-ST-01
- Conditions
- Healthy Men
- Keywords
- Oxygen saturation, jumping, volleyball, fatigue
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Kutahya Health Sciences UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Oct 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 May 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 May 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Our study examining the effects of post-training cold compression on muscle oxygen saturation (MOS9), fatigue and jumping performance in professional male volleyball players.
Detailed description
Volleyball is an intermittent sport consisting of short and high-intensity phases where players jump and change direction suddenly. Intense muscle use during training, intense match schedules, short preparation phases and double trainings applied during the day can cause athletes to lose performance and increase injury rates. The performance of the athlete during the season depends on the amount and distribution of the training load and the appropriate recovery intervention applied during the season. Therefore, appropriate recovery interventions for athletes, shortening the recovery period and increasing its quality are very important. Recovery is a process in which the athlete's fatigue after intense training or matches is eliminated, lactic acid in the muscle and blood is removed, energy stores are restored to their previous level and myoglobin oxygenation is provided. One of the parameters used to examine the effects of muscle damage after exercise and to follow recovery is oxygen saturation. It is known that oxygen saturation in the muscle decreases during exercise and increases in the following recovery process. Different interventions are recommended to optimize the recovery of athletes during the season. Cold applications are the most frequently preferred method due to their practicality and accessibility after training as a recovery intervention. Although it has been reported that cold applications have positive effects on fatigue and general perceptual well-being, their effects on acute performance parameters are controversial. In recent years, the use of cold compression applications in the recovery process after training has become widespread in clinics and sports clubs due to the fact that they allow two types of application and are portable and practical. Cold compression devices aim to reduce tissue temperature, reduce pain, control inflammation and accelerate venous return by applying cold and compression simultaneously. This is achieved by continuous circulation of ice water using intermittent pneumatic compression. There are many studies in the literature on the effects of cold applications on performance parameters (no effect or negative effect) and fatigue (reducing muscle pain and fatigue effects). However, the effect of cold compression on recovery at different temperatures has not been determined. Determining the degree of cold applied and the response received, as well as better identifying recovery interventions applied in professional sports environments and developing cold application protocols applied during the post-training recovery process, and investigating the effects of cold compression on fatigue, performance parameters and recovery parameters will contribute significantly to the literature. Therefore, the aim of our study is to examine the effects of different degrees of cold compression applied to professional male volleyball players compared to passive rest on muscle oxygen saturation, fatigue level and performance.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Target follow-up
- 24 Days
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Degree Cold Compression Group | – | Device: Cold CompressionCold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 1°C and the pressure was set to high compression (75 mm Hg). Since it is known that the applied pressure increases the effect of cold application and oxygenation in the tissue increases as the compression intensity increases (108), it was applied in the high option. Duration was preferred because the optimal range for the duration of cold applications is given as 11-15 minutes in the literature (120). Pneumatic intermittent compression with a standard ∼3-minute cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position. |
| 10 Degree Cold Compression Group | – | Device: Cold CompressionCold compression application was performed using Game Ready for 15 minutes. The target temperature was manually set to 10°C and the pressure to high compression (75 mm Hg). Pneumatic intermittent compression in a standard ∼3 min cycle was applied to both lower legs using a thigh wrap. The application was performed with the athletes in the supine semi-recumbent position. |
| Passive Rest Control Group | – | –The athletes rested passively in the supine semi-recumbent position for 15 minutes after the training. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 37 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- Professional Men's Volleyball Players
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Professional male volleyball player
- Performing 100-120 jumps in training (The number of jumps of the athletes in training was determined by Vert Classic (Model #JEM, Mayfonk Athletic, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA).
- Body Mass Index (BMI) below 30 kg/m2
- Voluntary participation in the study
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Smoking
- The presence of any neurological, rheumatologic or systemic disease
- Any injury or trauma to the quadriceps muscle and lower extremity in the last six months
- The athlete has exercised after training
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Cold CompressionCold compression was applied to the athletes with the Game Ready (Game Ready; Global, UK) device. The Game Ready (GR) device applies cooling to the tissue by continuous circulation of ice water with intermittent pneumatic compression. The GR consists of a sleeve that surrounds the affected tissue, a tank containing the ice water and a hose connecting the two. There are chambers inside the sleeve and the air pumped through these chambers and the broken ice pieces and water surround the tissue. The pressure settings are no compression (0 mmHg), low compression (5 to 15 mmHg), medium compression (5 to 50 mmHg) and high compression (5 to 75 mmHg). The ice water passes through the sleeve in 3-minute inflation and deflation cycles. The temperature of the water inside the device can be adjusted by adding ice and water. The temperature to be applied to the tissue is set with the screen on the device. | Device | 1 Degree Cold Compression Group, 10 Degree Cold Compression Group |
Primary outcome
Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement
Time frame: Muscle oxygen saturation measurements were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of passive rest or cold compression and 24 hours later at follow-up.
Muscle oxygen saturation measurements of the athletes were performed with the MOXY device (Fortiori Design LLC., Minnesota, USA). The MOXY device sends 4 separate near infrared lights and works with a system that goes 12.5-25 mm deep into the skin and gives a numerical average of the amount of light reflected between the sensors. The infrared device, called near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), measures total hemoglobin, oxygen saturation in capillaries and myoglobin saturation in the muscle. The electrodes are self-adhesive. The device has been shown to be a valid and reliable method for measuring muscle oxygenation (r=0.842-0.993, ICC: r=0.773-0.992). In the athletes in our study, superficial electrodes were placed midline on the quadriceps femoris muscle on the dominant side. Before placement, the electrode sites were shaved and cleaned with alcohol. All measurements were made at the same point and taken in the long sitting position.
2 secondary outcomes
Fatigue Measurement
Time frame: Fatigue measurements of the athletes were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of intervention and at follow-up after 24 hours.
Performance Measurement
Time frame: The jump heights of the athletes were automatically recorded with the Vert Coach in the training just before the application and in the second training 24 hours later and were included in the evaluation form.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Dec 2024.
- Background: PubMed 15328597Bhambhani YN. Muscle oxygenation trends during dynamic exercise measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004 Aug;29(4):504-23. doi: 10.1139/h04-033.
- Background: PubMed 34391318Alexander J, Jeffery J, Rhodes D. Recovery profiles of eccentric hamstring strength in response to cooling and compression. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021 Jul;27:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.03.010. Epub 2021 Mar 28.
- Background: PubMed 28207546Chow GCC, Yam TTT, Chung JWY, Fong SSM. Effects of postexercise ice-water and room-temperature water immersion on the sensory organization of balance control and lower limb proprioception in amateur rugby players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Feb;96(7):e6146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006146.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
seval tamer, asist. prof principal investigator
worker
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Healthy Men, run by Kutahya Health Sciences University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Dec 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement (time frame: Muscle oxygen saturation measurements were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of passive rest or cold compression and 24 hours later at follow-up.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06701435, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Dec 2024; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 3 Nov 2026.