Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Consequences and Its Reversal by Manipulation

Procedures to be used in the Experimental Study Material and methods

Reception of participants, with a clear explanation of the objectives and procedures to be used in the pilot study, asking them to fill out:

1. an informed consent model; 2. a sociodemographic and health data questionnaire; 3. a participant recruitment form (all of which were previously approved by the Data Protection Officer and the Ethics and Deontology Council of the University of Aveiro); 4. Select the study participants, assessing the presence of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction, for which the investigators will use the following procedures, using a multitest assessment, which consists of using a combination of palpation and pain provocation tests, which exhibits sufficient validity and reliability in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction ( Telli et al., 2018); 4. 1 - Bending test in foot - Performed by palpating the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) while the person is bending forward from the standing position. The test is negative if PSISs appear to move equally and sym - metrically, or positive on the side in which the PSIS moves crani - ally and ventrally more than the other side. A positive result indicates limited movement of the ilium on the sacrum, and therefore limited SIJ movement on the side of the superior PSIS ( Ribeiro et al, 2021); 4.2 - Bending test sitting - Similar to the standing flexion test, but the persons starts from the sitting position. The test is negative if PSISs appear to move equally and symmetrically, and positive on the side on which the PSIS moves cranially and ventrally more than the other side. A positive result indicates limited movement of the sacrum on the ilium, and therefore limited SIJ movement on the side of the superior PSIS (Ribeiro et al, 2021); 4.3 - Thigh thrust test (POSH) - The patient lies in a supine position. The hip is brought to 90º flexion. Pressure is applied directly toward the examination table. Pathology in the SI joint is considered if pain occurs in the hip. Pain provocation is established with hip flexion and adduction ( Telli et al, 2018); 4.4 - Sacral thrust test - The patient lies in a prone position. The practitioner places one hand on the apex of the sacrum while applying direct pressure with the other hand ( Telli et al, 2018); 4.5 - FABER test - The patient lies in a supine position, while the practitioner stands beside the patient and bends the patient's knee, bringing the heel to the opposite knee. With the other hand, the investigator ensures that the contralateral anterior superior iliac spine remains in a neutral position. The doctor applies mild pressure to the bent knee. Pressure is assumed to be applied to the bilateral sacroiliac ligaments and hip joints. Pain provocation occurs with flexion, abduction and external rotation of the hip ( Telli et al, 2018)

Participants who test positive in at least 4 of the 5 tests mentioned above will be selected to participate in the following studies:

• PHASE 1 Objective : mapping of changes present in selected individuals with SIJ dysfunction, in terms of pain, unipedal static balance and gait;

Variables :

• Pain;
• Static balance;
• Single-leg static balance;
• Gait assessment;

Instruments : -

• Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) , to assess the subjective sensation of pain perceived by the participant;
• Pressure Algometer , to assess pain, used at the following points:
• Lower limbs: muscular belly of the external calves, 8 cm below their origin and muscular belly of the internal calves, 12 cm below the origin, cuboids and tarsal naviculars, external and internal joint interline, middle third, in both knees
• Upper limbs: bilaterally at the level of the muscular belly of the short portion of the biceps brachii, 9 cm above the elbow crease and muscular belly of the long portion of the same muscle, 9 cm above the elbow crease , epicondyle and epitrochlea.
• Cervical spine: At the level of the transverse processes of C4, bilaterally;
• Lumbar spine: At the level of the transverse processes of L3, bilaterally;
• Sacroiliac joints bilaterally, at the level of the posterior superior iliac spine, bilaterally;
• Craniocervical transition, bilaterally, at the level of the occipital origin of the upper trapezius muscle;
• Force platform , to assess single-leg static balance;
• G-Walk, wearable inertial sensor for motion analysis, for gait assessment;
• PHASE 2 Objective : To evaluate the immediate effect of ASI manipulation, assessing the variables at the beginning and end of the first session, regarding pain, balance, gait assessment, overall perception of change and satisfaction with the intervention, with weekly frequency, for 3 weeks.

Clinical trial (RCT), in which participants will be randomly divided into 3 groups:

1. Experimental group , subject to manipulation performed by the same Physiotherapist, using the techniques described by Shadmehr, A. et al (2018);
2. Sham Group , subjected only to a simulation of manipulation, using the same gestures, but without manipulating, used as a placebo group;
3. Control group , which will not be subject to any intervention.

Variables :

• Pain;
• Single-leg static balance;
• Gait assessment;
• Perception of change and satisfaction with treatment.

Instruments:

• VAS, used before and immediately after the intervention ;
• Pressure algometer, evaluating before and immediately after the intervention ;
• Force platform;
• G-Walk, wearable inertial sensor for motion analysis, for gait assessment;
• PGIC , to assess the perception of change and satisfaction with treatment, immediately after the last treatment;