Internal and External FocusNCT06817369
Internal or External Focus in Girl Volleyball Players?
A study testing Exercises given with internal focus instructions and Exercises given with external focus instructions in people with Internal and External Focus, run by Inonu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The subject of the research is to examine the effects of training given with internal and external focus on sports performance in young and adolescent girl volleyball players. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of training given with internal and external focus on balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 7 to 14 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Internal and External Focus
- What is being tested?
- Exercises given with internal focus instructions and Exercises given with external focus instructions
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2024to 1 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 7 to 14 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Being a volleyball player in the little/adolescent girls' volleyball team
- Having been participating in volleyball regularly for at least 6 months
Who cannot join
- Participating in more than one sport
- Having an orthopedic or neurological musculoskeletal disorder
- Having had a surgical operation within the last year
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of the Training Given by Using Internal and External Focus on the Sportive Performance of Girl Volleyball Players
The subject of the research is to examine the effects of training given with internal and external focus on sports performance in young and adolescent girl volleyball players. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of training given with internal and external focus on balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility in order to improve sports performance in young and adolescent girl volleyball players.Data will be collected between 01.02.2024-01.01.2025 from individuals who accepted the research in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team affiliated with the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The individuals in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team included in the study by the researchers will be randomly divided into 2 groups.A minimum of 15 people for each 2 groups will be included in the study. Balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using internal focus for the 1st group. The second group will be given balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using external focus. In the study, both groups will receive the same exercise training, for the same duration and frequency. Only exercise management guidelines will be differentiated. Balance (static and dynamic), jumping performance, hand-eye coordination and flexibility will be evaluated before and after exercise training.
Read the detailed description
Sports are activities that improve people's mental and physical characteristics and have multifaceted effects throughout life. These parts should be present in your life from an early age. Volleyball, with influences from different cultures and environments, especially from Turkey's most successful team sports, where women reach large masses. Volleyball is a dynamic team sport that involves very intense movements such as speed, jumping and changing direction. In volleyball, many motor skills need to be coordinated and trained effectively and developed. Basic motor skills in volleyball; Strength, endurance, endurance, coordination, speed and balance are maintained. Neurodevelopmental movement training given to the athlete according to motor learning geometry maximizes the athlete's sporting success and also positively affects their physical, mental and social development.
Motor learning is the process by which an individual develops motor skills and performs with a permanent change in performance that is acquired as a function of practice or experience. Instructions and complementary feedback are important influencing factors to support motor learning processes. Storing (re)motoring will be learned immediately, in case of registration, the accepted information will receive instructions on the correct movement system. These instructions typically refer to coordinating body movements, including the order, form, and timing of various limb movements. Instructions that direct the patient's attention to his own movements create an internal focus of attention. A simple change in the wording of instructions can have a significant impact on performance and learning. Transferring the patient's attention to the effects of his movements on the environment (external focus) is achieved through more effective and efficient movements.
There are studies in the literature comparing the frequency of internal focus and external focus when training sport-specific motor skills. In a distribution made, child athletes in internal and externally focused feedback groups performed free throw training, and a significant learning advantage was stated in the test results, considering the child athletes receiving externally focused feedback. Another reported that regular externally focused feedback did not increase the accuracy of the table tennis backhand stroke compared to internally focused feedback. In the literature, externally focused feedback was not found in local child athletes and novice athletes, where running was beneficial. Another study in the literature is external feedback in competitive girls' football volleyball players, and according to internal feedback, it is bet that the dunk speed in volleyball has an immediate performance on the athletes.
In general, studies in the literature have examined the effects of internal and external tension on volleyball-specific motor performance such as dunk speed and permanence vertical jump performance in girls' volleyball teams on the regime in certain age groups, but no comparison was found between groups. The investigators did not perform these operations but designed them based on the deficiencies in the literature.
The research was planned as an experimental study. The study will be carried out in two private sports clubs operating in Malatya, in the little girls' volleyball team between the ages of 7-11 and the adolescent girls' volleyball team between the ages of 12-14. The necessary permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The study will be carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. By participating in the study, the parents/guardians of the children in the girls' volleyball team will be informed in detail about the study and their written consent will be obtained. Participating children's age, height, weight, age of starting sports, duration of participation in sports (month/day), frequency of participation in sports (day/week) will be questioned with the case report form.
Research Sample size: Type I error 0.05 on G-Power 3.1.7 package program (Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany); Type II error was calculated by taking 0.2. The power of the test was determined as 0.8. In the study conducted, the minimum number of subjects required to be included in each group was calculated as 15 in order for the difference of 2.3 units regarding total game performance to be found significant.
Collection of Data Data will be collected between 01.02.2024-01.01.2025 from individuals who accepted the research in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team affiliated with the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The individuals in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team included in the study by the researchers will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using internal focus for the 1st group. The second group will be given balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using external focus. In the study, both groups will receive the same exercise training, for the same duration and frequency. Only exercise management guidelines will be differentiated. Balance (static and dynamic), jumping performance, hand-eye coordination and flexibility will be evaluated before and after exercise training.
Reviews The equipment to be used for evaluations will be covered by the researcher. Participating children's age, height, weight, age of starting sports, duration of participation in sports (month/day), frequency of participation in sports (day/week) will be questioned with the case report form. Height will be measured with a stadiometer and weight with a 0.5 kg precision scale.
Jump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. It is a test with a very high reliability coefficient (rxy=0.97) for determining the athlete's jumping force. The athlete reaches the maximum point he can reach with one arm in front of the platform to be tested and the distance is determined. The difference between this point where the athlete can reach and the highest point he can reach by jumping is determined and the height is recorded in cm. The test must be repeated twice to determine the best score.
Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Flamingo balance test is used to measure static balance. For this test, a balance board made in standard sizes determined by Eurofit is used. The balance board is made by mounting two wooden beams, 2 cm wide and 15 cm long, spaced apart and perpendicularly, under two wooden beams that are 4 cm thick, 3 cm wide and 30 cm long. The participants' ability to stand on one leg on the balance board is tested. The participant steps on the balance board with one foot and bends the knee while holding the free foot with the hand on the same side. Meanwhile, his free hand is supported by the tester. As soon as the participant feels that he has regained his balance, he releases the tester's hand and the stopwatch is started at that moment. If the held foot is released or if the balance is disturbed and the foot leaves the balance board, the stopwatch is stopped and the time is recorded. If the person being tested does not lose balance for 60 seconds, the test is terminated. Y balance test is a dynamic test performed in the standing position on one leg. It examines how the core area and both extremities work under body weight. Before the test, individuals remove their shoes and stand on the foot plate in the center of the Y Balance Test area. Individuals are then instructed to maintain a single-leg stance while reaching as far as possible with the opposite leg and return to the starting position on the middle 22 platform without losing balance. In the test, individuals are asked to reach the maximum distance in 3 directions (anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral), allowing 3 attempts for each leg. The maximum reach distance is recorded for each consecutive attempt.
The Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and leg. The child is seated on the ground on a flat surface, allowed to rest the soles of his bare feet flat on the test stand, then his body is extended forward as far as he can reach, and he is asked to wait for a second or two at the last point with the arms and fingers tense and straight, and after two attempts, he It is recorded well.
Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. The participant stands facing the wall at a distance of 3 meters. The ball is thrown from bottom to top by keeping the shoulder stable, provided that it is caught with the throwing hand. After a certain number of trials, the other hand is tested. Scoring of successful shots is done the same way for both hands. To assist in evaluating the results, the score of the participant's preferred side should be recorded. A tennis or baseball ball can be used to perform the test.
treatments Exercises Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: With participants hands free, jump to the highest point participants can without disturbing participants body balance.
External Focus Instructions: With participants hands free, try to jump and touch the fixed bar.
Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position / 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: While standing in the lunge position, hold the ball thrown by the physiotherapist without disturbing participants body balance and throw it back.
External Focus Instructions: While standing in the lunge position, catch the ball thrown by the Physiotherapist and throw it into the circle on the wall.
Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam - 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Equalize the position of participants feet on the balance beam External Focus Instructions: Transfer the tilt of the bosun from right to left / left to right Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise - 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Bend participants torso, extend participants fingertips as much as possible, and feel the muscles on the back of participants legs tighten.
External Focus Instructions: Bend participants body and touch participants fingertips to the line on the floor.
Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test / 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Throw the tennis ball against the wall in front of participants with one hand and try to catch it again with participants feet fixed on the ground without disturbing participants body balance.
External Focus Instructions: Try to hit the tennis ball with one hand into the ring on the wall in front of participants and hold it with the same hand.
- Conditions
- Internal and External Focus
- Being tested
- Exercises given with internal focus instructions, Exercises given with external focus instructions
- Keywords
- internal focus, external focus, volleyball players, sport, motor learning
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Exercises given with internal focus instructionsOther
Both groups of girl volleyball players will be given 5 exercises. Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test Each exercise will be 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set.
Exercises given with external focus instructionsOther
Both groups of girl volleyball players will be given 5 exercises. Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test Each exercise will be 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (Internal focus) | Experimental | Jump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and legs. Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. Evaluations will be made before and after exercise There will be 5 exercises.
Internal focus instructions will be applied while performing the exercises. Receives: Other: Exercises given with internal focus instructions |
| Group 2 (external focus) | Experimental | Jump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and legs. Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. Evaluations will be made before and after exercise There will be 5 exercises. External focus instructions will be applied while performing the exercises Receives: Other: Exercises given with external focus instructions |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Jumping Performance in Girl Volleyball Players with Vertikal Jump Test
Jumping performance was evaluated using the Vertical Jump Test, with jump height recorded in centimeters; higher jumps indicated better performance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Statik Balance in Girl Volleyball Players with Flamingo Balance Test
Static balance was measured by the Flamingo Balance Test, with balance time in seconds; longer times reflected better balance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Dynamic Balance in Girl Volleyball Players with Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test, with reach distances in three directions; longer distances indicated better balance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Flexibility in Girl Volleyball Players with Sit and Reach Test
Flexibility of the back and legs was tested with the Sit and Reach Test, recording forward reach in centimeters; greater distances reflected increased flexibility. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Hand-eye coordination in Girl Volleyball Players with Wall Catch Coordination Test
Hand-eye coordination was evaluated by the Wall Catch Coordination Test, where more catches indicated better coordination. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Measured: 1 week
Secondary outcomes (5)
Evaluation of the effect of free vertical jump exercise training on jumping performance in girls volleyball players.
The girl volleyball players performed 5 different exercises. One of these was the free vertical jump exercise. The exercise was performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-2 minutes of rest between sets. The exercise was performed with internal or external focus instructions and the effects of these instructions on the jumping performance of young girl volleyball players were examined. Which focus instruction was more effective will be determined by comparing the units (e.g. centimeters) of the vertical jump test measured before and after the exercise. The test will be compared with its own before and after values; the measurements will not be combined.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of catching and throwing the ball in free lunge position on static balance in girl volleyball players
The girl volleyball players performed 5 different exercises. One of them was a lunge position, catching and throwing the ball. The exercise was performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with 1-2 minutes of rest between sets. The exercise was performed with internal or external focus instructions, and the effects of these instructions on the static balance of young girl volleyball players were examined. Which focus instruction was more effective will be determined by comparing the flamingo balance test units (e.g. seconds) measured before and after the exercise. The test will be compared with its own before and after values; the measurements will not be combined.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of weight transfer exercise on the bos on dynamic balance in girl volleyball players
Girl volleyball players performed 5 different exercises. One of them was a weight transfer exercise on the bos. The exercise was performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-2 minutes of rest between sets. The exercise was performed with internal or external focus instructions and the effects of these instructions on dynamic balance of girl volleyball players were examined. Which focus instruction was more effective will be determined by comparing the Y balance test units (e.g. centimeters) measured before and after the exercise. The test will be compared with its own before and after values; the measurements will not be combined.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the effects of body bending and toe touching exercise on flexibility in girl volleyball players
The girls volleyball players performed 5 different exercises. One of them was the body bending and the finger touching the ground exercise. The exercise was performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions and 1-2 minutes of rest was given between sets. The exercise was performed with internal or external focus instructions and the effects of these instructions on the flexibility of the girls volleyball players were examined. Which focus instruction was more effective will be determined by comparing the sit-and-reach test units (e.g. centimeters) measured before and after the exercise. The test will be compared with its own before and after values; the measurements will not be combined.
Measured: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of throwing the ball to the wall and catching it back exercise on hand-eye coordination in girl volleyball players
The girls volleyball players performed 5 different exercises. One of them was throwing the ball against the wall and catching it back. The exercise was performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with 1-2 minutes of rest between sets. The exercise was performed with internal or external focus instructions, and the effects of these instructions on the hand-eye coordination of the girls volleyball players were examined. Which focus instruction was more effective will be determined by comparing the wall-catch coordination test units (e.g. catch count) measured before and after the exercise. The test will be compared with its own before and after values; the measurements will not be combined.
Measured: 1 week
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Feb 2025
- Study start1 Jan 2024
- Primary completion1 Jun 2024
- Study completion1 Dec 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Internal and External FocusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Inonu UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- A two-arm parallel task involves two groups of participants. While the first group receives exercise training with an internal focus, the other group receives exercise training with an external focus. Therefore, during the experiment, the participants in the first group receive exercise training with internal focus "in parallel" with the participants in the other group who receive exercise training with external focus.Randomization will be done randomly.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Inonu University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Gizem Gul Turan, Inonu University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06817369
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Girl Volleyball Player
- Status last verified
- Jan 2024
- First submitted
- 4 Jan 2024
- Last updated
- 10 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Wong TKK, Ma AWW, Liu KPY, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Fong SSM, Ganesan B, Wang HK. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(2):e14134. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014134.
PubMed 30633230Welling W, Benjaminse A, Gokeler A, Otten B. Enhanced retention of drop vertical jump landing technique: A randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci. 2016 Feb;45:84-95. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
PubMed 26615475Slovak L, Sarvestan J, Iwatsuki T, Zahradnik D, Land WM, Abdollahipour R. External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players. Front Psychol. 2023 Jan 5;13:1041871. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041871. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 36687905Niznikowski T, Luba-Arnista W, Arnista P, Porter JM, Makaruk H, Sadowski J, Mastalerz A, Niznikowska E, Shaw A. An external focus of attention enhances table tennis backhand stroke accuracy in low-skilled players. PLoS One. 2022 Dec 1;17(12):e0274717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274717. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 36455038Perreault ME, French KE. External-Focus Feedback Benefits Free-Throw Learning in Children. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86(4):422-7. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1051613. Epub 2015 Jul 31.
PubMed 26230869Gokeler A, Neuhaus D, Benjaminse A, Grooms DR, Baumeister J. Principles of Motor Learning to Support Neuroplasticity After ACL Injury: Implications for Optimizing Performance and Reducing Risk of Second ACL Injury. Sports Med. 2019 Jun;49(6):853-865. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01058-0.
PubMed 30719683Barnes JL, Schilling BK, Falvo MJ, Weiss LW, Creasy AK, Fry AC. Relationship of jumping and agility performance in female volleyball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Nov;21(4):1192-6. doi: 10.1519/R-22416.1.
PubMed 18076276Garcia-de-Alcaraz A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Rivera-Rodriguez M, Romero-Moraleda B. Analysis of jump load during a volleyball season in terms of player role. J Sci Med Sport. 2020 Oct;23(10):973-978. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
PubMed 32303475Sheppard JM, Gabbett TJ, Stanganelli LC. An analysis of playing positions in elite men's volleyball: considerations for competition demands and physiologic characteristics. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Sep;23(6):1858-66. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b45c6a.
PubMed 19675472
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of the Training Given by Using Internal and External Focus on the Sportive Performance of Girl Volleyball Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06817369
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Girl Volleyball Player
- Conditions
- Internal and External Focus
- Keywords
- internal focus, external focus, volleyball players, sport, motor learning
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Inonu UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jun 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Dec 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 10 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The subject of the research is to examine the effects of training given with internal and external focus on sports performance in young and adolescent girl volleyball players. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of training given with internal and external focus on balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility in order to improve sports performance in young and adolescent girl volleyball players.Data will be collected between 01.02.2024-01.01.2025 from individuals who accepted the research in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team affiliated with the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The individuals in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team included in the study by the researchers will be randomly divided into 2 groups.A minimum of 15 people for each 2 groups will be included in the study. Balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using internal focus for the 1st group. The second group will be given balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using external focus. In the study, both groups will receive the same exercise training, for the same duration and frequency. Only exercise management guidelines will be differentiated. Balance (static and dynamic), jumping performance, hand-eye coordination and flexibility will be evaluated before and after exercise training.
Detailed description
Sports are activities that improve people's mental and physical characteristics and have multifaceted effects throughout life. These parts should be present in your life from an early age. Volleyball, with influences from different cultures and environments, especially from Turkey's most successful team sports, where women reach large masses. Volleyball is a dynamic team sport that involves very intense movements such as speed, jumping and changing direction. In volleyball, many motor skills need to be coordinated and trained effectively and developed. Basic motor skills in volleyball; Strength, endurance, endurance, coordination, speed and balance are maintained. Neurodevelopmental movement training given to the athlete according to motor learning geometry maximizes the athlete's sporting success and also positively affects their physical, mental and social development.
Motor learning is the process by which an individual develops motor skills and performs with a permanent change in performance that is acquired as a function of practice or experience. Instructions and complementary feedback are important influencing factors to support motor learning processes. Storing (re)motoring will be learned immediately, in case of registration, the accepted information will receive instructions on the correct movement system. These instructions typically refer to coordinating body movements, including the order, form, and timing of various limb movements. Instructions that direct the patient's attention to his own movements create an internal focus of attention. A simple change in the wording of instructions can have a significant impact on performance and learning. Transferring the patient's attention to the effects of his movements on the environment (external focus) is achieved through more effective and efficient movements.
There are studies in the literature comparing the frequency of internal focus and external focus when training sport-specific motor skills. In a distribution made, child athletes in internal and externally focused feedback groups performed free throw training, and a significant learning advantage was stated in the test results, considering the child athletes receiving externally focused feedback. Another reported that regular externally focused feedback did not increase the accuracy of the table tennis backhand stroke compared to internally focused feedback. In the literature, externally focused feedback was not found in local child athletes and novice athletes, where running was beneficial. Another study in the literature is external feedback in competitive girls' football volleyball players, and according to internal feedback, it is bet that the dunk speed in volleyball has an immediate performance on the athletes.
In general, studies in the literature have examined the effects of internal and external tension on volleyball-specific motor performance such as dunk speed and permanence vertical jump performance in girls' volleyball teams on the regime in certain age groups, but no comparison was found between groups. The investigators did not perform these operations but designed them based on the deficiencies in the literature.
The research was planned as an experimental study. The study will be carried out in two private sports clubs operating in Malatya, in the little girls' volleyball team between the ages of 7-11 and the adolescent girls' volleyball team between the ages of 12-14. The necessary permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The study will be carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. By participating in the study, the parents/guardians of the children in the girls' volleyball team will be informed in detail about the study and their written consent will be obtained. Participating children's age, height, weight, age of starting sports, duration of participation in sports (month/day), frequency of participation in sports (day/week) will be questioned with the case report form.
Research Sample size: Type I error 0.05 on G-Power 3.1.7 package program (Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany); Type II error was calculated by taking 0.2. The power of the test was determined as 0.8. In the study conducted, the minimum number of subjects required to be included in each group was calculated as 15 in order for the difference of 2.3 units regarding total game performance to be found significant.
Collection of Data Data will be collected between 01.02.2024-01.01.2025 from individuals who accepted the research in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team affiliated with the Malatya Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The individuals in the junior and adolescent girls' volleyball team included in the study by the researchers will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using internal focus for the 1st group. The second group will be given balance, jumping, hand-eye coordination and flexibility training using external focus. In the study, both groups will receive the same exercise training, for the same duration and frequency. Only exercise management guidelines will be differentiated. Balance (static and dynamic), jumping performance, hand-eye coordination and flexibility will be evaluated before and after exercise training.
Reviews The equipment to be used for evaluations will be covered by the researcher. Participating children's age, height, weight, age of starting sports, duration of participation in sports (month/day), frequency of participation in sports (day/week) will be questioned with the case report form. Height will be measured with a stadiometer and weight with a 0.5 kg precision scale.
Jump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. It is a test with a very high reliability coefficient (rxy=0.97) for determining the athlete's jumping force. The athlete reaches the maximum point he can reach with one arm in front of the platform to be tested and the distance is determined. The difference between this point where the athlete can reach and the highest point he can reach by jumping is determined and the height is recorded in cm. The test must be repeated twice to determine the best score.
Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Flamingo balance test is used to measure static balance. For this test, a balance board made in standard sizes determined by Eurofit is used. The balance board is made by mounting two wooden beams, 2 cm wide and 15 cm long, spaced apart and perpendicularly, under two wooden beams that are 4 cm thick, 3 cm wide and 30 cm long. The participants' ability to stand on one leg on the balance board is tested. The participant steps on the balance board with one foot and bends the knee while holding the free foot with the hand on the same side. Meanwhile, his free hand is supported by the tester. As soon as the participant feels that he has regained his balance, he releases the tester's hand and the stopwatch is started at that moment. If the held foot is released or if the balance is disturbed and the foot leaves the balance board, the stopwatch is stopped and the time is recorded. If the person being tested does not lose balance for 60 seconds, the test is terminated. Y balance test is a dynamic test performed in the standing position on one leg. It examines how the core area and both extremities work under body weight. Before the test, individuals remove their shoes and stand on the foot plate in the center of the Y Balance Test area. Individuals are then instructed to maintain a single-leg stance while reaching as far as possible with the opposite leg and return to the starting position on the middle 22 platform without losing balance. In the test, individuals are asked to reach the maximum distance in 3 directions (anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral), allowing 3 attempts for each leg. The maximum reach distance is recorded for each consecutive attempt.
The Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and leg. The child is seated on the ground on a flat surface, allowed to rest the soles of his bare feet flat on the test stand, then his body is extended forward as far as he can reach, and he is asked to wait for a second or two at the last point with the arms and fingers tense and straight, and after two attempts, he It is recorded well.
Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. The participant stands facing the wall at a distance of 3 meters. The ball is thrown from bottom to top by keeping the shoulder stable, provided that it is caught with the throwing hand. After a certain number of trials, the other hand is tested. Scoring of successful shots is done the same way for both hands. To assist in evaluating the results, the score of the participant's preferred side should be recorded. A tennis or baseball ball can be used to perform the test.
treatments Exercises Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: With participants hands free, jump to the highest point participants can without disturbing participants body balance.
External Focus Instructions: With participants hands free, try to jump and touch the fixed bar.
Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position / 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: While standing in the lunge position, hold the ball thrown by the physiotherapist without disturbing participants body balance and throw it back.
External Focus Instructions: While standing in the lunge position, catch the ball thrown by the Physiotherapist and throw it into the circle on the wall.
Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam - 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Equalize the position of participants feet on the balance beam External Focus Instructions: Transfer the tilt of the bosun from right to left / left to right Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise - 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Bend participants torso, extend participants fingertips as much as possible, and feel the muscles on the back of participants legs tighten.
External Focus Instructions: Bend participants body and touch participants fingertips to the line on the floor.
Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test / 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes rest between each set Internal Focus Instructions: Throw the tennis ball against the wall in front of participants with one hand and try to catch it again with participants feet fixed on the ground without disturbing participants body balance.
External Focus Instructions: Try to hit the tennis ball with one hand into the ring on the wall in front of participants and hold it with the same hand.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- A two-arm parallel task involves two groups of participants. While the first group receives exercise training with an internal focus, the other group receives exercise training with an external focus. Therefore, during the experiment, the participants in the first group receive exercise training with internal focus "in parallel" with the participants in the other group who receive exercise training with external focus.Randomization will be done randomly.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (Internal focus) | Experimental | Other: Exercises given with internal focus instructionsJump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and legs. Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. Evaluations will be made before and after exercise There will be 5 exercises. Internal focus instructions will be applied while performing the exercises. |
| Group 2 (external focus) | Experimental | Other: Exercises given with external focus instructionsJump evaluation will be made using the Vertical Jump Test. Flamingo balance test will be used in static balance evaluation, and y balance test will be used in dynamic balance evaluation. Standard Sit-Reach Test will be used to evaluate the flexibility of the back and legs. Wall Catch Coordination Test will be used to evaluate hand eye coordination. Evaluations will be made before and after exercise There will be 5 exercises. External focus instructions will be applied while performing the exercises |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 7 to 14 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Being a volleyball player in the little/adolescent girls' volleyball team
- Having been participating in volleyball regularly for at least 6 months
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Participating in more than one sport
- Having an orthopedic or neurological musculoskeletal disorder
- Having had a surgical operation within the last year
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Exercises given with internal focus instructionsBoth groups of girl volleyball players will be given 5 exercises. Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test Each exercise will be 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set. | Other | Group 1 (Internal focus) |
| Exercises given with external focus instructionsBoth groups of girl volleyball players will be given 5 exercises. Exercise 1: Hands-free vertical jump (the movement of an individual jumping from a certain point and then jumping back to the same point) Exercise 2: Training in catching and throwing the ball thrown by the physiotherapist while the individual remains stationary for 30 seconds in the lunge position Exercise 3: Weight transfer on balance beam Exercise 4: Stretching the hamstring and trunk muscles / Bending the trunk while standing upright and touching the toes to the ground exercise Exercise 5: Exercise used in Wall Catch Coordination test Each exercise will be 3 sets of 10 repetitions / 1-2 minutes of rest between each set. | Other | Group 2 (external focus) |
Primary outcome
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Jumping Performance in Girl Volleyball Players with Vertikal Jump Test
Time frame: 1 week
Jumping performance was evaluated using the Vertical Jump Test, with jump height recorded in centimeters; higher jumps indicated better performance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Statik Balance in Girl Volleyball Players with Flamingo Balance Test
Time frame: 1 week
Static balance was measured by the Flamingo Balance Test, with balance time in seconds; longer times reflected better balance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Dynamic Balance in Girl Volleyball Players with Y Balance Test
Time frame: 1 week
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test, with reach distances in three directions; longer distances indicated better balance. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Flexibility in Girl Volleyball Players with Sit and Reach Test
Time frame: 1 week
Flexibility of the back and legs was tested with the Sit and Reach Test, recording forward reach in centimeters; greater distances reflected increased flexibility. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Hand-eye coordination in Girl Volleyball Players with Wall Catch Coordination Test
Time frame: 1 week
Hand-eye coordination was evaluated by the Wall Catch Coordination Test, where more catches indicated better coordination. Measurements were taken before and after exercise training, and results were analyzed for each test separately.
5 secondary outcomes
Evaluation of the effect of free vertical jump exercise training on jumping performance in girls volleyball players.
Time frame: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of catching and throwing the ball in free lunge position on static balance in girl volleyball players
Time frame: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of weight transfer exercise on the bos on dynamic balance in girl volleyball players
Time frame: 1 week
Evaluation of the effects of body bending and toe touching exercise on flexibility in girl volleyball players
Time frame: 1 week
Evaluation of the effect of throwing the ball to the wall and catching it back exercise on hand-eye coordination in girl volleyball players
Time frame: 1 week
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Feb 2025.
- Results publication: PubMed 30633230Wong TKK, Ma AWW, Liu KPY, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Fong SSM, Ganesan B, Wang HK. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(2):e14134. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014134.
- Results publication: PubMed 26615475Welling W, Benjaminse A, Gokeler A, Otten B. Enhanced retention of drop vertical jump landing technique: A randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci. 2016 Feb;45:84-95. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
- Results publication: PubMed 36687905Slovak L, Sarvestan J, Iwatsuki T, Zahradnik D, Land WM, Abdollahipour R. External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players. Front Psychol. 2023 Jan 5;13:1041871. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041871. eCollection 2022.
- Results publication: PubMed 36455038Niznikowski T, Luba-Arnista W, Arnista P, Porter JM, Makaruk H, Sadowski J, Mastalerz A, Niznikowska E, Shaw A. An external focus of attention enhances table tennis backhand stroke accuracy in low-skilled players. PLoS One. 2022 Dec 1;17(12):e0274717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274717. eCollection 2022.
- Results publication: PubMed 26230869Perreault ME, French KE. External-Focus Feedback Benefits Free-Throw Learning in Children. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86(4):422-7. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1051613. Epub 2015 Jul 31.
- Results publication: PubMed 30719683Gokeler A, Neuhaus D, Benjaminse A, Grooms DR, Baumeister J. Principles of Motor Learning to Support Neuroplasticity After ACL Injury: Implications for Optimizing Performance and Reducing Risk of Second ACL Injury. Sports Med. 2019 Jun;49(6):853-865. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01058-0.
- Results publication: PubMed 18076276Barnes JL, Schilling BK, Falvo MJ, Weiss LW, Creasy AK, Fry AC. Relationship of jumping and agility performance in female volleyball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Nov;21(4):1192-6. doi: 10.1519/R-22416.1.
- Results publication: PubMed 32303475Garcia-de-Alcaraz A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Rivera-Rodriguez M, Romero-Moraleda B. Analysis of jump load during a volleyball season in terms of player role. J Sci Med Sport. 2020 Oct;23(10):973-978. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 19675472Sheppard JM, Gabbett TJ, Stanganelli LC. An analysis of playing positions in elite men's volleyball: considerations for competition demands and physiologic characteristics. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Sep;23(6):1858-66. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b45c6a.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Exercises given with internal focus instructions and Exercises given with external focus instructions in people with Internal and External Focus, run by Inonu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Focus Training (internal or external) on Jumping Performance in Girl Volleyball Players with Vertikal Jump Test (time frame: 1 week). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06817369, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Feb 2025.