Nutritional Counseling Impact on Ulcerative Colitis Patients

Administrative and Preparatory Phase:

After obtaining approval from the corresponding parties, a booklet in Arabic language with educational material and instruction will be prepared. Common foods for and against bowel discomfort will be emphasized. Dietary records will be included to check the adherence of the patients to the instructions.

II- Pre-intervention phase (The initial assessment):

The investigator will review the medical record of each patient to confirm the diagnosis and severity; then eligible patients in both counseling arm and the control arm will be interviewed by the investigator using a structured questionnaire to gather the following data for the initial assessment Personal and socio-demographic data: Comprised enquiry about each patient's age, sex, marital status, occupation, education, residency and telephone/mobile number.

1. Assessment of the quality of life using the short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (SIBDQ). It is a set of generic, coherent, and easily administered quality of life measures. Scores are from 0 to 10. A higher score indicates better health.
2. Assessment of the nutritional status by: i. Weight measurement using the German Beurer Glass Scale model GS11 (with large LCD display (digit zone: 25 mm), loading capacity 150 kg and graduation 100 g ii. Height measurement using the Indian wall mounted DESCO stature meter (Model HSHA 101) with a movable horizontal headboard. Maximal height of measuring is 2 m and measurement resolution of 0.5 cm . iii. Screening all included patients using Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002). It includes pre-screening with four questions:
3. Is the BMI of the patient < 20.5 kg/m2
4. Did the patient lose weight in the past 3 months?
5. Was the patient's food intake reduced in the past week?
6. Is the patient critically ill? If one of these is answered positively, a screening follows which includes surrogate measures of nutritional status, with static and dynamic parameters and data on the severity of the disease (stress metabolism). For each parameter, a score from 0 to 3 can result. Age over 70 years is considered as a risk factor, and is included in the screening tool as well, giving 1 point. A total score of ≥3 points means that the patient is at risk of malnutrition or already malnourished and therefore a nutritional therapy is indicated. iv. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a simple and reliable measurement of maximum voluntary muscle strength. It is an important tool for diagnosing sarcopenia and is widely used as a single indicator to represent overall muscle strength, HGS can the incidence of chronic diseases, nutritional status, quality of life, independence of daily life, length of hospital stay, and even mortality v. Skin fold thickness: to measure the double fold of skin and subcutaneous fat to the nearest millimeter. A variety of sites have been used for skinfold measurement, but the most common are triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac. vi. Assessment of nutritional intake using:
7. Dietary habits questionnaire: The dietary habits questionnaire included enquiry about the number of meals per day, the main meal, breakfast intake, outdoor fatty meals intake, types of snacks, method of cooking meat, method of cooking vegetables, types of fats used in cooking, sports or physical training, sedentary habits, exposure to sun, dietary supplement intake, dietary habits changes during relapse of the disease (relapse duration in days, the number of meals per day, method of cooking meat, method of cooking vegetables)
8. Twenty-four hours dietary recall: The 24-hour dietary recall is an open-ended enquiry about foods consumed during the last 24 hours. It is conducted in an in-depth interview that typically requires 20 to 30 minutes to be completed. Detailed data about food preparation, ingredients in mixed dishes, and the brand name of different commercial products will be collected. Estimation of the amounts of each food consumed in reference to a common size container (e.g., bowls, cups, and glasses), standard measuring cups and spoons. The inevitable limitation is that all information depends on the participants' memory. (Shim et al., 2014) vii) Laboratory assessment: Measurement of Complete blood picture (CBC), and iron.

III- Intervention (Only for the intervention group):

Patients in the intervention group will receive a counseling session then instructs on the subsequent follow up dates. Apart from counseling, patients will receive the same care from the clinic medical staff. After the final assessment, the control group will receive the nutritional counseling material to gain its expected benefits.

Each patient of the intervention group is scheduled to receive weekly session, according to settled appointments. The first session for counseling, the second and the third to check the adherence of the patient to the nutrition plan and to answer any question of the patients as follows:

Session 1: Nutritional counseling based on the nutritional assessment of each patient. Each patient will receive a package of:

1. A booklet that contains the whole instructions and dietary records to help in remembering information and record their application of the plan. ii. A tailored diet menu adjusted according to the required calories of the patient calculated by the Harris Benedict equation (Habek et al., 2010) considering the patient preferences, individualized requirements and with choices suitable for different economic classes.

Patients will be guided to a diet rich in iron, vitamin D, n-3 fatty acids, and zinc.

Protein requirement are increased in active IBD, and intake should be increased (to 1.2-1.5 g/kg/d in adults) relative to that recommended in the general population.

Probiotic as Lactobacilli can be considered for use in patients with mild to moderate UC for the induction of remission. (Bischoff et al., 2020) A WhatsApp group will be created to add patients at the session 1. Messages will be sent to the patients through the group to stimulate patient adherence to the diet and to remind them of their follow up and final assessment appointments.

Session 2: follow up and reemphasize the instruction. Each patient in the intervention group will receive a weekly telephone follow up session (Tele-health) from a clinical nutritionist to check compliance and respond to inquiries. Between phone sessions, patients can contact their physicians by email or telephone, in addition to the WhatsApp group, or through their routine follow up visits to the IBD clinic to receive their treatment.

I- Post-intervention phase (The final assessment):

All patients in the counseling group and the control groups will be interviewed by the investigator 3 months after the initial assessment session to gather the following data using the same tools of the initial assessment (clinical sheet, follow up laboratory investigations, SIBDQ, NRS 2002, BMI, SFT, HGS, 24 hours dietary recall and dietary habits questionnaire).