Placebo EffectNCT06835777
Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Sports - a Protocol Paper
A study testing Positive Expectation and Negative Expectation in people with Placebo Effect and Nocebo Effect, run by Canterbury Christ Church University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
This clinical trial aims to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects on sports performance, using Electroencephalography (EEG) and isometric strength testing of the lower extremities. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Placebo Effect, Nocebo Effect
- What is being tested?
- Positive Expectation and Negative Expectation
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 56 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2025to 31 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy adult participants (18+)
- physically active (WHO, 2020)
- no medical history pf psychological disorders/mental health issues
- no acute or regular medication intake
- no severe injury to the lower limb within the last 6 months
- proficient in english
- normal or corrected eyesight
Who cannot join
None listed.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United Kingdom1 site
Canterbury Christ Church University
Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU
About this study
Official title: Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Sports - Protocol Paper of a Randomised Controlled Study
This clinical trial aims to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects on sports performance, using Electroencephalography (EEG) and isometric strength testing of the lower extremities.
The primary objective of this trial is to identify temporal mechanisms and cortical regions and networks involved in generating placebo and nocebo effects before (expectation) and at onset of athletic performance (perception).
The trial will include four groups, two of them experimental, one an active control and one natural history, meaning participants in this group will receive no intervention and won't be EEG controlled. Data will be collected on two occasions with baseline data for EEG, expectations and performance as well as key participant characteristics being collected on day one. On day two, in a deceptive process, participants in the two experimental groups will take an inert substance presented as either performance enhancing or inhibiting and subsequently experience a reinforcement of beliefs via exposure to explicit adjectives. EEG data will be collected during reinforcement of beliefs. In the active control group, participants will receive no substance, but this group will follow the same procedure as the experimental groups with neutral adjectives. Participants will then perform isometric strength and fatigue resistance tests on an isometric dynamometer. EEG data as well as subjective data on expectations and rating of perceived exhaustion will be collected.
Read the detailed description
This trial will examine temporal and spatial aspects of neurophysiological mechanisms behind nocebo and placebo effects before (expectation) and at exercise onset (perception) using high-density EEG. It will further investigate possible predictors of responsiveness and non-responsiveness to acute placebo and nocebo stimuli in the context of sports, notably interpretating psychological mechanisms (e.g. personality, beliefs, expectations) as well as temporal neurophysiological measures.
This study is designed as a randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT) with data collection on two different occasions and four parallel groups: 1) positive-expectations, 2) negative-expectations, 3) control, and 4) natural history.
The first three groups will be addressed as intervention groups. On the first visit, participants' baseline data, specifically performance measures (all groups) and EEG data (all but natural history), as well as key characteristics will be collected. On the second visit, in the belief groups, participants will receive an in-person manipulation of beliefs and two placebo pills and will be informed that they are expected to positively (positive-expectations) or negatively (negative-expectations) affect their isometric strength and fatigue resistance measured using a Biodex System 4 Isokinetic Dynamometer in a 5x5sec test protocol with a minimum of 1 minute rest in between sets. In addition, after a resting period of three minutes, they will perform an isometric knee extension hold to failure at 60% MVC. The control group and the natural history group will receive no pills, with the control group receiving a neutral explanation of EEG data, its relevance and general information about isometric strength testing and the natural history group not receiving EEG at all, but serving as a control to the potential influence of experiencing an EEG set up on performance measures. The primary endpoints of this trial are placebo and nocebo induced changes in EEG signaling via Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during administration of reinforcements of beliefs through words as well as during expectancy and perception phases of physical performance.
The key question of this trial is whether participants exposed to placebo or nocebo stimuli will exhibit distinct neural activity pattern (temporal and spatial) in the context of sports performance. The second major question is, whether individual differences in character traits and states as well as motivation and beliefs can significantly predict the magnitude or likeliness of placebo and nocebo responses in participants' performance in an isometric strength and fatigue resistance task. In addition, EEG data to better understand the valence of and emotional response to words will be used to further investigate how semantics and our choice of words influence susceptibility to placebo and nocebo effects in other people. Several elements that were not adequately addressed in previous studies will be incorporated into this RCT:
(1) temporal and spatial aspects of neural correlates of placebo and nocebo effects in sports, (2) hard data (EEG) on how an individual reacts to semantic implications on performance and (3) correlation of subjective ratings of expectations of performance and data from neural processes associated with affective processing, emotional valence and motivation (LPP,LPC) and anticipation as well as motor preparation (CNV). To further understand the above point may result in a change on how athletes, coaches and therapists approach placebo and nocebo effects in the context of sports performance.
- Conditions
- Placebo Effect, Nocebo Effect
- Being tested
- Positive Expectation, Negative Expectation, Control
- Keywords
- EEG, Placebo, Nocebo, Sports Performance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Positive ExpectationCombination product
The lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about the deceptive substance, presenting it as a performance enhancing neurostimulant,. Participants will be given the opportunity to ask questions and will receive a handout of the key points of the presentation. After the presentation, participants will be set up with a high-density EEG and given two inert pills filled with cornstarch. Participants will be reminded of the performance enhancing qualities of the deceptive substance by implicit adjectives on a screen. Afterwards, experimental performance outcomes will be collected using a dynamometer.
Negative ExpectationCombination product
The lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about the deceptive substance, presenting it as a performance inhibiting neuro-depressant. Participants will be given the opportunity to ask questions and will receive a handout of the key points of the presentation. After the presentation, participants will be set up with a high-density EEG and given two inert pills filled with cornstarch. Participants will be reminded of the performance inhibiting qualities of the deceptive substance by implicit adjectives on a screen. Afterwards, experimental performance outcomes will be collected using a dynamometer.
ControlOther
The lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about EEG research and set ups and give general information about isometric strength testing. They will be shown neutral adjectives unrelated to performance instead of implicit adjectives related to performance (experimental groups). EEG set up and strength testing remains the same as the experimental groups.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| positive-expectations | Experimental | The positive-expectations intervention will consist of two inert pills filled with cornstarch and a manipulation of beliefs regarding the given substance and it's effects. Participants will be informed that the inert pills are neurostimulants, usually used in the context of depression and other mental health issues and that they can positively affect sports performance. Participants will be reinforced about these effects throughout testing via implicit adjectives regarding potential sensations they might experience after pill intake. Reinforcement of beliefs and subsequent strength testing will be EEG controlled. Receives: Combination Product: Positive Expectation |
| negative-expectations | Experimental | The negative-expectations intervention will consist of two inert pills filled with cornstarch and a manipulation of beliefs regarding the given substance and it's effects. Participants will be informed that the inert pills are neuro-depressants, which relieve anxiety and can negatively affect sports performance. Participants will be reinforced about these effects throughout testing via implicit adjectives regarding potential sensations they might experience after pill intake. Reinforcement of beliefs and subsequent strength testing on day two will be EEG controlled. Receives: Combination Product: Negative Expectation |
| control | Active comparator | The control intervention consists of the same testing procedure as the other intervention groups, but no pills or manipulation of beliefs will be administered. Participants will be given a neutral presentation on the testing procedure of the isometric strength testing. Neutral adjectives will be presented instead of a reinforcement of beliefs. Presentation of adjectives and subsequent strength testing will be EEG controlled. Receives: Other: Control |
| natural history | No intervention | Participants will neither receive an EEG nor any sort of intervention. They will do the isometric strength testing on two different occasions like the other groups and will not receive any sort of manipulation of beliefs. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
EEG data - performance
Temporal neurophysiological data measured by EEG. The Continuous Negative Variation (CNV), an Event Related Potential (ERP), will be used to differentiate positive and negative expectations as well as motor preparation before and at onset of isometric strength testing.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
EEG data - reinforcement of beliefs
Event related potentials (ERP) will be investigated during the reinforcement of beliefs, specifically the late positive potential (LPP) and the late positive component (LPC).
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
EEG, exploratory source analysis
In addition to ERP data, Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) will be used in an exploratory approach to identify specific neural origins associated with placebo and nocebo responses.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection
Secondary outcomes (7)
Performance Output, Isometric Forces
Peak Isometric Force: Measured in Newton-meters (Nm) as the maximum force output during a 5-second unilateral knee extension contraction.
Average Isometric Force: Calculated as the mean force output in Nm maintained over a 5-second unilateral knee extension contraction.
Isometric Force output data will be analysed in a within and between analysis, the latter being normalized to body mass (Nm/kg).
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Force Consistency
Force Consistency:
Assessed by comparing peak and average force outputs in Nm across five consecutive trials of 5-second contractions.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Endurance Hold and Fatigue Resistance
Fatigue Resistance and Endurance Hold:
Evaluating the time to failure at the 60% maximally voluntary contraction (MVC) hold.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Recovery Capacity
Recovery Capacity:
Determined by examining the ability to maintain force output in Nm across trials with 1-minute rest intervals between contractions.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Heartrate
Heartrate (bpm) will be collected during and before physical performance as well as during EEG data collection.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) will be used to assess subjective effort and closeness to failure after isometric strength testing
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Electromyographic (EMG) Data
EMG data of the M. vastus lateralis of the dominant leg during isometric performance tests will be collected.
Measured: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Feb 2025
- Study start1 Mar 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Placebo EffectStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- randomised controlled trail, four parallel arms (positive-expectations, negative-expectations, control , natural history)
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Canterbury Christ Church University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Janina Hanssen, Canterbury Christ Church University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06835777
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ETH2324-0198
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 10 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 19 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Sports - Protocol Paper of a Randomised Controlled Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06835777
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ETH2324-0198
- Conditions
- Placebo Effect, Nocebo Effect
- Keywords
- EEG, Placebo, Nocebo, Sports Performance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Canterbury Christ Church UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 19 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This clinical trial aims to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects on sports performance, using Electroencephalography (EEG) and isometric strength testing of the lower extremities.
The primary objective of this trial is to identify temporal mechanisms and cortical regions and networks involved in generating placebo and nocebo effects before (expectation) and at onset of athletic performance (perception).
The trial will include four groups, two of them experimental, one an active control and one natural history, meaning participants in this group will receive no intervention and won't be EEG controlled. Data will be collected on two occasions with baseline data for EEG, expectations and performance as well as key participant characteristics being collected on day one. On day two, in a deceptive process, participants in the two experimental groups will take an inert substance presented as either performance enhancing or inhibiting and subsequently experience a reinforcement of beliefs via exposure to explicit adjectives. EEG data will be collected during reinforcement of beliefs. In the active control group, participants will receive no substance, but this group will follow the same procedure as the experimental groups with neutral adjectives. Participants will then perform isometric strength and fatigue resistance tests on an isometric dynamometer. EEG data as well as subjective data on expectations and rating of perceived exhaustion will be collected.
Detailed description
This trial will examine temporal and spatial aspects of neurophysiological mechanisms behind nocebo and placebo effects before (expectation) and at exercise onset (perception) using high-density EEG. It will further investigate possible predictors of responsiveness and non-responsiveness to acute placebo and nocebo stimuli in the context of sports, notably interpretating psychological mechanisms (e.g. personality, beliefs, expectations) as well as temporal neurophysiological measures.
This study is designed as a randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT) with data collection on two different occasions and four parallel groups: 1) positive-expectations, 2) negative-expectations, 3) control, and 4) natural history.
The first three groups will be addressed as intervention groups. On the first visit, participants' baseline data, specifically performance measures (all groups) and EEG data (all but natural history), as well as key characteristics will be collected. On the second visit, in the belief groups, participants will receive an in-person manipulation of beliefs and two placebo pills and will be informed that they are expected to positively (positive-expectations) or negatively (negative-expectations) affect their isometric strength and fatigue resistance measured using a Biodex System 4 Isokinetic Dynamometer in a 5x5sec test protocol with a minimum of 1 minute rest in between sets. In addition, after a resting period of three minutes, they will perform an isometric knee extension hold to failure at 60% MVC. The control group and the natural history group will receive no pills, with the control group receiving a neutral explanation of EEG data, its relevance and general information about isometric strength testing and the natural history group not receiving EEG at all, but serving as a control to the potential influence of experiencing an EEG set up on performance measures. The primary endpoints of this trial are placebo and nocebo induced changes in EEG signaling via Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during administration of reinforcements of beliefs through words as well as during expectancy and perception phases of physical performance.
The key question of this trial is whether participants exposed to placebo or nocebo stimuli will exhibit distinct neural activity pattern (temporal and spatial) in the context of sports performance. The second major question is, whether individual differences in character traits and states as well as motivation and beliefs can significantly predict the magnitude or likeliness of placebo and nocebo responses in participants' performance in an isometric strength and fatigue resistance task. In addition, EEG data to better understand the valence of and emotional response to words will be used to further investigate how semantics and our choice of words influence susceptibility to placebo and nocebo effects in other people. Several elements that were not adequately addressed in previous studies will be incorporated into this RCT:
(1) temporal and spatial aspects of neural correlates of placebo and nocebo effects in sports, (2) hard data (EEG) on how an individual reacts to semantic implications on performance and (3) correlation of subjective ratings of expectations of performance and data from neural processes associated with affective processing, emotional valence and motivation (LPP,LPC) and anticipation as well as motor preparation (CNV). To further understand the above point may result in a change on how athletes, coaches and therapists approach placebo and nocebo effects in the context of sports performance.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- randomised controlled trail, four parallel arms (positive-expectations, negative-expectations, control , natural history)
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| positive-expectations | Experimental | Combination Product: Positive ExpectationThe positive-expectations intervention will consist of two inert pills filled with cornstarch and a manipulation of beliefs regarding the given substance and it's effects. Participants will be informed that the inert pills are neurostimulants, usually used in the context of depression and other mental health issues and that they can positively affect sports performance. Participants will be reinforced about these effects throughout testing via implicit adjectives regarding potential sensations they might experience after pill intake. Reinforcement of beliefs and subsequent strength testing will be EEG controlled. |
| negative-expectations | Experimental | Combination Product: Negative ExpectationThe negative-expectations intervention will consist of two inert pills filled with cornstarch and a manipulation of beliefs regarding the given substance and it's effects. Participants will be informed that the inert pills are neuro-depressants, which relieve anxiety and can negatively affect sports performance. Participants will be reinforced about these effects throughout testing via implicit adjectives regarding potential sensations they might experience after pill intake. Reinforcement of beliefs and subsequent strength testing on day two will be EEG controlled. |
| control | Active comparator | Other: ControlThe control intervention consists of the same testing procedure as the other intervention groups, but no pills or manipulation of beliefs will be administered. Participants will be given a neutral presentation on the testing procedure of the isometric strength testing. Neutral adjectives will be presented instead of a reinforcement of beliefs. Presentation of adjectives and subsequent strength testing will be EEG controlled. |
| natural history | No intervention | –Participants will neither receive an EEG nor any sort of intervention. They will do the isometric strength testing on two different occasions like the other groups and will not receive any sort of manipulation of beliefs. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Healthy adult participants (18+)
- physically active (WHO, 2020)
- no medical history pf psychological disorders/mental health issues
- no acute or regular medication intake
- no severe injury to the lower limb within the last 6 months
Key exclusion criteria (0 listed)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Positive ExpectationThe lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about the deceptive substance, presenting it as a performance enhancing neurostimulant,. Participants will be given the opportunity to ask questions and will receive a handout of the key points of the presentation. After the presentation, participants will be set up with a high-density EEG and given two inert pills filled with cornstarch. Participants will be reminded of the performance enhancing qualities of the deceptive substance by implicit adjectives on a screen. Afterwards, experimental performance outcomes will be collected using a dynamometer. | Combination product | positive-expectations |
| Negative ExpectationThe lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about the deceptive substance, presenting it as a performance inhibiting neuro-depressant. Participants will be given the opportunity to ask questions and will receive a handout of the key points of the presentation. After the presentation, participants will be set up with a high-density EEG and given two inert pills filled with cornstarch. Participants will be reminded of the performance inhibiting qualities of the deceptive substance by implicit adjectives on a screen. Afterwards, experimental performance outcomes will be collected using a dynamometer. | Combination product | negative-expectations |
| ControlThe lead researcher will deliver a short presentation (8 minutes) to participants informing them about EEG research and set ups and give general information about isometric strength testing. They will be shown neutral adjectives unrelated to performance instead of implicit adjectives related to performance (experimental groups). EEG set up and strength testing remains the same as the experimental groups. | Other | control |
Primary outcome
EEG data - performance
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Temporal neurophysiological data measured by EEG. The Continuous Negative Variation (CNV), an Event Related Potential (ERP), will be used to differentiate positive and negative expectations as well as motor preparation before and at onset of isometric strength testing.
EEG data - reinforcement of beliefs
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Event related potentials (ERP) will be investigated during the reinforcement of beliefs, specifically the late positive potential (LPP) and the late positive component (LPC).
EEG, exploratory source analysis
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection
In addition to ERP data, Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) will be used in an exploratory approach to identify specific neural origins associated with placebo and nocebo responses.
7 secondary outcomes
Performance Output, Isometric Forces
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Force Consistency
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Endurance Hold and Fatigue Resistance
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Performance Output, Recovery Capacity
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Heartrate
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Electromyographic (EMG) Data
Time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Feb 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Positive Expectation and Negative Expectation in people with Placebo Effect and Nocebo Effect, run by Canterbury Christ Church University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 0 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Janina Hanssen, M.Sc. (07553606641, JH1718@canterbruy.ac.uk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
EEG data - performance (time frame: From collection of baseline data on day one to the end of day two of data collection.). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Feb 2025.