Functional Constipation (FC)ACU-PILOTNCT06836362
Acupuncture for Children with Functional Constipation
A study testing Acupuncture treatment in people with Functional Constipation (FC), run by Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA).
Trial summary
Background of the study: Functional constipation (FC) is common in children and poses a significant burden to patients, their families and the healthcare system. Pharmacological treatment mainly consists of oral osmotic laxatives. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 to 18 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Functional Constipation (FC)
- What is being tested?
- Acupuncture treatment
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 18 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 20 Feb 2025to Oct 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 to 18 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- In order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria:
- 6-18 years of age
- meet the modified Rome IV criteria for FC (defined as meeting at least two of the following criteria during the 2-week run-in period despite receiving treatment with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2 g/kg/day):
- Two or fewer spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) per week (an SBM is defined as a bowel movement that occurs in the absence of laxative, enema, or suppository use in the preceding 24 hours)
- History of excessive stool retention
- History of painful or hard bowel movements
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- History of large-diameter stools
- Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum
- At least 1 episode/week of incontinence after the acquisition of toileting skills
- History of large-diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet in toilet-trained children
- Insufficient symptom management despite at least three months of medical management (including education, non-pharmacological advice and laxatives) by a physician. Insufficient symptom management is defined as the presence of at least one of the Rome IV criteria for FC despite medical management by a physician.
- are treated with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2 g/kg/day for a minimum of 1 month prior to inclusion in the study
- Written informed consent obtained from parents or guardians and all children ≥12 years.
Who cannot join
- A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:
- children with FC not treated with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2g/kg/day during at least one month at the time of potential inclusion.
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
- Organic causes of constipation; e.g. celiac disease, pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction, hypothyroidism, spina bifida, anorectal malformations, or Hirschsprung disease.
- Significant chronic health conditions requiring specialty care (e.g. cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, hematopoietic, renal, endocrine, or metabolic diseases, sickle cell disease, cerebral palsy) that could potentially impact the child's ability to participate or confound the results of the study.
- Unintentional weight loss greater than or equal to 5% of their body weight within the last 3 months.
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- Gastrointestinal blood loss.
- Recurrent or unexplained fevers.
- Pregnancy.
- Smoking.
- History of abdominal surgery involving the luminal gastrointestinal tract, except appendectomy or hernia repairs.
- Concomitant use of drugs that are known to affect gastrointestinal motility.
- Established diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders.
- Major psychiatric disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression) or a history of abuse.
- Severe needle-related anxiety.
- Rash or active local infection over an acupuncture point.
- Immunocompromised children (specifically inadequately regulated diabetes mellitus, active staphylococcal-related skin conditions)
- Clotting disorders or a recent history of thrombocytopenia.
- Children who previously received acupuncture for constipation.
- Children who currently participate in another clinical trial.
About this study
Official title: Acupuncture for Children with Functional Constipation: a Pilot Study
Background of the study:
Functional constipation (FC) is common in children and poses a significant burden to patients, their families and the healthcare system. Pharmacological treatment mainly consists of oral osmotic laxatives. However, poor adherence to oral laxatives is known to be a common problem and patients often remain symptomatic despite pharmacological treatment. Many parents seek help in the form of complementary and integrative medicine. Acupuncture has been shown to relieve symptoms in adults with FC. However, published studies in children with FC are scarce and have important limitations.
Read more
Objective of the study:
To evaluate the feasibility, safety and potential efficacy of acupuncture in children with FC. The results of this study will be used to design a future randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Study design:
A prospective, non-randomized, multicenter, open-label pilot study.
Intervention: Children will receive 8 acupuncture sessions during 10 weeks (1 session per week during 6 weeks, followed by 1 session every other week during 4 weeks). Concurrent pharmacological treatment with polyethylene glycol ≥ 0.2 g/kg/day will be maintained as initiated prior to participation in the study.
Study population:
18 children (6-18 years old) with FC according to the Rome IV criteria.
- Conditions
- Functional Constipation (FC)
- Being tested
- Acupuncture treatment
- Keywords
- functional constipation, child, acupuncture, children, DGBI, pilot study
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Acupuncture treatmentOther
Children will receive 8 acupuncture sessions during 10 weeks (1 session per week during 6 weeks, followed by 1 session every other week during 4 weeks).
At each acupuncture session, the acupuncturist records the patient's bowel habits, gastrointestinal symptoms and the use of escape medication during the period between sessions. After 3, 6 and 8 acupuncture treatments respectively, patients will visit the research team after they receive acupuncture to evaluate adverse events.
After completion of these 10 weeks, an acupuncture-free follow-up period of 4 weeks commences. The follow-up period will be used to investigate if and how long effects of the intervention will persist. During the intervention period and the follow-up period, escape medication (bisacodyl or enemas) is allowed under the same conditions as during the run-in period.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Single-arm study. The intervention consists of acupuncture treatments | Other | This is an open-label, non-randomized single-arm study. The intervention consists of acupuncture (see description under intervention). Throughout the study duration, participants will maintain their therapeutic recommendations related to treating constipation (PEG at the dosage prior to entering the study, minimum of 0.2 g/kg/day, education and non-pharmacological advice as previously described by the medical team in charge). Initiation of new treatments for FC or increasing the dosage of PEG is not allowed during the intervention period. Decreasing the dosage of PEG is allowed if instructed by the treating physician and will be documented. After the last acupuncture session, if the patient requires an increase in the dosage of PEG, this is allowed during the follow-up period and will be documented. As per current treatment guidelines, participants are allowed to use escape medication (bisacodyl or enemas) after 72 hours without defecation or when their symptoms become intolerable. Receives: Other: Acupuncture treatment |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Primary outcome measure: feasibility
The primary endpoint is feasibility: a future RCT using this same intervention protocol will be deemed feasible if the pilot study renders an attrition rate ≥70% (i.e. ≥70% of patients completing the pilot study while attending ≥75% of scheduled acupuncture sessions).
Measured: From enrollment until the end of the intervention period (at 10 weeks)
Secondary outcomes (3)
Secondary outcome measure: Feasibility
Secondary endpoints to determine feasibility include consent rate, patient and parent satisfaction with acupuncture treatment (measured at t=6, t=10 and t=14 [5-point-Likert scale]) and assessment of required personnel capacity for a future RCT
Measured: From enrollment to the end of intervention (week 10) and follow-up (week 14)
Secondary Outcome Measure: Safety (assessment of adverse events)
The occurrence of adverse events (AE) is assessed at each research nurse visit (t=3, t=6, t=10, t=14). The occurrence of the following pre-determined adverse events are assessed: needle-related pain, local redness/irritation, hematomas, headache, fainting/syncope, sedation, neuropathy. For each patient-reported AE, severity (mild, moderate, or severe) and relation to acupuncture treatment (unrelated or possibly, probably, or definitely related) are determined.
Measured: From first acupuncture treatment until last treatment (week 10) and after follow-up (week 14)
Secondary Outcome Measure: Efficacy
The endpoint for efficacy is treatment success, based on the Rome IV criteria (Table 1): a child who fulfils the Rome IV criteria for FC prior to enrolment into the trial and no longer fulfils the Rome IV criteria at the end of the trial period is considered successfully treated. The endpoints, including quality of life and school absence, are based on a previously published core outcome set and include:
- Defecation frequency (number of bowel movements/week, excluding fecal incontinence episodes)
- Stool consistency (Bristol Stool Scale)
- Painful defecation (yes/no)
- Fecal incontinence frequency (episodes/week)
- Withholding behavior (yes/no)
- Abdominal pain (yes/no, VAS score)
- Number of spontaneous bowel movements (>24h after escape medication)
- Time between acupuncture and defecation
- Number of bowel movements <24h after acupuncture
- Frequency of use of escape medication
- Time between escape medication and defecation
- Number of bowel movements <24h after escape med.
Measured: From start of intervention until end of intervention (at week 10 and at follow-up (at week 14)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Feb 2025
- Study start20 Feb 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completionMay 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionOct 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Functional Constipation (FC)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 18 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, M.A. Benninga, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06836362
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NL87083.018.24
- Acronym
- ACU-PILOT
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 13 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 20 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Bloem MN, Baaleman DF, Koppen IJN, Vlieger AM, de Lorijn F, Birch S, Nieuwdorp M, Benninga MA. Prospective, non-randomised, open-label pilot trial assessing feasibility, safety and treatment success of acupuncture in children with functional constipation: ACU-PILOT study protocol. BMJ Open. 2025 Nov 11;15(11):e109425. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109425.
PubMed 41218934
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Acupuncture for Children with Functional Constipation: a Pilot Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06836362
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ACU-PILOT / NL87083.018.24
- Conditions
- Functional Constipation (FC)
- Keywords
- functional constipation, child, acupuncture, children, DGBI, pilot study
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 18 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)University, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Feb 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Oct 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 20 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Background of the study:
Functional constipation (FC) is common in children and poses a significant burden to patients, their families and the healthcare system. Pharmacological treatment mainly consists of oral osmotic laxatives. However, poor adherence to oral laxatives is known to be a common problem and patients often remain symptomatic despite pharmacological treatment. Many parents seek help in the form of complementary and integrative medicine. Acupuncture has been shown to relieve symptoms in adults with FC. However, published studies in children with FC are scarce and have important limitations.
Objective of the study:
To evaluate the feasibility, safety and potential efficacy of acupuncture in children with FC. The results of this study will be used to design a future randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Study design:
A prospective, non-randomized, multicenter, open-label pilot study.
Intervention: Children will receive 8 acupuncture sessions during 10 weeks (1 session per week during 6 weeks, followed by 1 session every other week during 4 weeks). Concurrent pharmacological treatment with polyethylene glycol ≥ 0.2 g/kg/day will be maintained as initiated prior to participation in the study.
Study population:
18 children (6-18 years old) with FC according to the Rome IV criteria.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Single-arm study. The intervention consists of acupuncture treatments | Other | Other: Acupuncture treatmentThis is an open-label, non-randomized single-arm study. The intervention consists of acupuncture (see description under intervention). Throughout the study duration, participants will maintain their therapeutic recommendations related to treating constipation (PEG at the dosage prior to entering the study, minimum of 0.2 g/kg/day, education and non-pharmacological advice as previously described by the medical team in charge). Initiation of new treatments for FC or increasing the dosage of PEG is not allowed during the intervention period. Decreasing the dosage of PEG is allowed if instructed by the treating physician and will be documented. After the last acupuncture session, if the patient requires an increase in the dosage of PEG, this is allowed during the follow-up period and will be documented. As per current treatment guidelines, participants are allowed to use escape medication (bisacodyl or enemas) after 72 hours without defecation or when their symptoms become intolerable. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 6 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (13 listed)
- In order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria:
- 6-18 years of age
- meet the modified Rome IV criteria for FC (defined as meeting at least two of the following criteria during the 2-week run-in period despite receiving treatment with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2 g/kg/day):
- Insufficient symptom management despite at least three months of medical management (including education, non-pharmacological advice and laxatives) by a physician. Insufficient symptom management is defined as the presence of at least one of the Rome IV criteria for FC despite medical management by a physician.
- are treated with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2 g/kg/day for a minimum of 1 month prior to inclusion in the study
Key exclusion criteria (20 listed)
- A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:
- children with FC not treated with PEG with a minimum dose of 0.2g/kg/day during at least one month at the time of potential inclusion.
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
- Organic causes of constipation; e.g. celiac disease, pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction, hypothyroidism, spina bifida, anorectal malformations, or Hirschsprung disease.
- Significant chronic health conditions requiring specialty care (e.g. cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, hematopoietic, renal, endocrine, or metabolic diseases, sickle cell disease, cerebral palsy) that could potentially impact the child's ability to participate or confound the results of the study.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture treatmentChildren will receive 8 acupuncture sessions during 10 weeks (1 session per week during 6 weeks, followed by 1 session every other week during 4 weeks). At each acupuncture session, the acupuncturist records the patient's bowel habits, gastrointestinal symptoms and the use of escape medication during the period between sessions. After 3, 6 and 8 acupuncture treatments respectively, patients will visit the research team after they receive acupuncture to evaluate adverse events. After completion of these 10 weeks, an acupuncture-free follow-up period of 4 weeks commences. The follow-up period will be used to investigate if and how long effects of the intervention will persist. During the intervention period and the follow-up period, escape medication (bisacodyl or enemas) is allowed under the same conditions as during the run-in period. | Other | Single-arm study. The intervention consists of acupuncture treatments |
Primary outcome
Primary outcome measure: feasibility
Time frame: From enrollment until the end of the intervention period (at 10 weeks)
The primary endpoint is feasibility: a future RCT using this same intervention protocol will be deemed feasible if the pilot study renders an attrition rate ≥70% (i.e. ≥70% of patients completing the pilot study while attending ≥75% of scheduled acupuncture sessions).
3 secondary outcomes
Secondary outcome measure: Feasibility
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of intervention (week 10) and follow-up (week 14)
Secondary Outcome Measure: Safety (assessment of adverse events)
Time frame: From first acupuncture treatment until last treatment (week 10) and after follow-up (week 14)
Secondary Outcome Measure: Efficacy
Time frame: From start of intervention until end of intervention (at week 10 and at follow-up (at week 14)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Feb 2025.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41218934Bloem MN, Baaleman DF, Koppen IJN, Vlieger AM, de Lorijn F, Birch S, Nieuwdorp M, Benninga MA. Prospective, non-randomised, open-label pilot trial assessing feasibility, safety and treatment success of acupuncture in children with functional constipation: ACU-PILOT study protocol. BMJ Open. 2025 Nov 11;15(11):e109425. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109425.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Acupuncture treatment in people with Functional Constipation (FC), run by Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 13 inclusion and 20 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Primary outcome measure: feasibility (time frame: From enrollment until the end of the intervention period (at 10 weeks)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06836362, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Feb 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 27 Oct 2026.