NutritionNCT06853249
Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure
A study testing liquid meal, semi-solid meal and caloric drink + semi-solid meal in people with Nutrition and Healthy Male and Female Subjects, run by University of Kiel at 1 site in Germany.
Trial summary
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are: Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 35 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Nutrition, Healthy Male and Female Subjects
- What is being tested?
- liquid meal, semi-solid meal and caloric drink + semi-solid meal
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteGermany
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2025to 31 Mar 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 35 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- healthy males and females
- Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
- low to medium habitual physical activity
- women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Who cannot join
- smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
- chronic illnesses
- regular intake of medication
- Anemia and/or iron deficiency
- food allergies / intolerances
- vegans
Show all 12Show fewer
- regular high physical activity (exercise >1 hour/d)
- current weight loss diet / weight loss of >5 kg in the last 3 months
- restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
- active participation in another trial
- pregnant / lactating women
- persons incapable of giving informed legal consent
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?
- Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?
Read more
Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.
Participants will:
- spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)
- consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days
- Conditions
- Nutrition, Healthy Male and Female Subjects
- Being tested
- liquid meal, semi-solid meal, caloric drink + semi-solid meal, non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal
- Keywords
- food texture, appetite control, whole room indirect calorimetry (WRIC), energy balance, gastric emptying, ad libitum energy intake, liquid meals
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
liquid mealOther
An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available liquid meal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
semi-solid mealOther
An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available semi-solid oatmeal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
caloric drink + semi-solid mealOther
A predefined amount of a caloric drink (= liquid meal) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
non-caloric drink + semi-solid mealOther
A predefined amount of a non-caloric drink (= water, sucralose, flavor) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| isocaloric preload | Experimental | In this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal. Receives: Other: liquid meal; Other: semi-solid meal |
| ad libitum preload | Experimental | In this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour). Receives: Other: caloric drink + semi-solid meal; Other: non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
ad libitum energy intake
measured during preload and lunch [kcal] following the preload in both arms
Measured: for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads
Secondary outcomes (8)
gastric emptying
gastric half-emptying time [min] determined with 13C-sodium acetate breath test, only assessed during arm "isocaloric preload"
Measured: for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads
eating rate at lunch
assessed during ad libitum lunch [g/min] following the preload in both arms
Measured: at 5 hours after consumption of the preload
number of chews per bite at lunch
assessed during ad libitum lunch [number] following the preload in both arms
Measured: at 5 hours after consumption of the preload
serum ghrelin concentrations
area under the serum ghrelin concentration curve over 3 hours
Measured: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations
area under the serum PYY concentration curve over 3 hours
Measured: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations
area under the serum GLP-1 concentration curve over 3 hours
Measured: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
energy expenditure
Measured as kcal for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch.
Measured: measured for 9.5 hours
macronutrient oxidation
Measured as respiratory exchange ratio (RER) for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch.
Measured: measured for 9.5 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Feb 2025
- Study start1 Apr 2025
- Primary completion31 Dec 2025
- Study completion31 Mar 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for NutritionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- The trial consists of two arms, each with two interventions. All participants will receive all interventions.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Kiel
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Prof. Dr. Dr. Anja Bosy-Westphal, University of Kiel
- Investigators
- Anja Bosy-Westphal, PhD, MD, Principal investigator, University of Kiel, Department of Human Nutrition
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06853249
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ABW-2025-YF
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 13 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 5 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Due to the privacy statement in the subject information form, data may not be publicly available but might be available upon reasonable request.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 5 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06853249
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ABW-2025-YF
- Conditions
- Nutrition, Healthy Male and Female Subjects
- Keywords
- food texture, appetite control, whole room indirect calorimetry (WRIC), energy balance, gastric emptying, ad libitum energy intake, liquid meals
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of KielUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Mar 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?
- Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?
Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.
Participants will:
- spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)
- consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- The trial consists of two arms, each with two interventions. All participants will receive all interventions.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| isocaloric preload | Experimental | Other: liquid meal, Other: semi-solid mealIn this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal. |
| ad libitum preload | Experimental | Other: caloric drink + semi-solid meal, Other: non-caloric drink + semi-solid mealIn this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 35 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- healthy males and females
- Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
- low to medium habitual physical activity
- women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
- chronic illnesses
- regular intake of medication
- Anemia and/or iron deficiency
- food allergies / intolerances
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| liquid mealAn isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available liquid meal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. | Other | isocaloric preload |
| semi-solid mealAn isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available semi-solid oatmeal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. | Other | isocaloric preload |
| caloric drink + semi-solid mealA predefined amount of a caloric drink (= liquid meal) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. | Other | ad libitum preload |
| non-caloric drink + semi-solid mealA predefined amount of a non-caloric drink (= water, sucralose, flavor) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum. | Other | ad libitum preload |
Primary outcome
ad libitum energy intake
Time frame: for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads
measured during preload and lunch [kcal] following the preload in both arms
8 secondary outcomes
gastric emptying
Time frame: for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads
eating rate at lunch
Time frame: at 5 hours after consumption of the preload
number of chews per bite at lunch
Time frame: at 5 hours after consumption of the preload
serum ghrelin concentrations
Time frame: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations
Time frame: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations
Time frame: for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads
energy expenditure
Time frame: measured for 9.5 hours
macronutrient oxidation
Time frame: measured for 9.5 hours
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 5 May 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Due to the privacy statement in the subject information form, data may not be publicly available but might be available upon reasonable request.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Anja Bosy-Westphal, PhD, MD principal investigator
University of Kiel, Department of Human Nutrition
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing liquid meal, semi-solid meal and caloric drink + semi-solid meal in people with Nutrition and Healthy Male and Female Subjects, run by University of Kiel at 1 site in Germany.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Germany. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
ad libitum energy intake (time frame: for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 May 2026.