Skills AcquisitionVR-Swim SkillNCT06868706
VR-Based Video Modeling for Novice Swimmers
A study testing VR-Supported Video Modeling and Traditional Swimming Training in people with Skills Acquisition and Sports Performance, run by Erzurum Technical University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Understanding the complex dynamics of motor skill acquisition in swimming is critical for developing effective training programs. Advances in technology, such as virtual and augmented reality, offer new opportunities to enhance learning and performance in this field. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Skills Acquisition, Sports Performance, Swimming
- What is being tested?
- VR-Supported Video Modeling and Traditional Swimming Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 55 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 27 Feb 2023to 17 Oct 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Never having taken a swimming course before. Not having any health problems. Not having water phobia.
Who cannot join
- To be able to progress by stroking on the water without any support from anywhere.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Erzurum Technical University Faculty of Sport Sciences
Erzurum, Yakutiye, 25050
About this study
Official title: Virtual Reality-Supported Video Modeling for Enhancing Motor Skill Acquisition in Swimming
Understanding the complex dynamics of motor skill acquisition in swimming is critical for developing effective training programs. Advances in technology, such as virtual and augmented reality, offer new opportunities to enhance learning and performance in this field. This study investigated the impact of virtual reality (VR)-supported video modeling (VM) swimming exercise programs compared with traditional approaches on the swimming performance of beginners.
Fifty-five university students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: the VR-supported VM group (VRVM) (n=28) and the traditional swimming group (TSG) (n=27). The VRVM group engaged in VR-supported VM practice in addition to traditional swimming training, whereas the TSG group only participated in traditional swimming training. The performance variables measured included swimming stroke (SS), crawling kick (CK), swimming duration (SD), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived excretion (RPE).
- Conditions
- Skills Acquisition, Sports Performance, Swimming
- Being tested
- VR-Supported Video Modeling, Traditional Swimming Training
- Keywords
- Virtual reality, Video modeling, Swimming performance, Motor skill acquisition, Novice swimmers
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
VR-Supported Video ModelingBehavioural
Participants receive virtual reality (VR) supported video modeling training in addition to traditional swimming training.
Traditional Swimming TrainingBehavioural
Participants receive only traditional swimming training. Individuals in this group learn swimming techniques through traditional methods (practising in the water under the supervision of an instructor).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| VR-Supported Video Modeling Group | Experimental | Participants receive traditional swimming training as well as VR-supported video modelling training. Receives: Behavioral: VR-Supported Video Modeling; Behavioral: Traditional Swimming Training |
| Traditional Swimming Group | Active comparator | Participants only receive traditional swimming training, but no VR or video modelling. Receives: Behavioral: Traditional Swimming Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Swimming stroke
Swimming stroke (SS) refers to the number of strokes performed per minute, which impacts a swimmer's propulsion through the water. It is a critical factor in determining speed and efficiency.
Measured: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Swimming duration
The swimming duration is the swimmer's time to cover a 25-meter distance. Swimmers using the proper freestyle technique are expected to cover a given distance in less time, with lower SD scores positively contributing to swimming performance.
Measured: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Crawling kick
The crawling kick plays an essential role in a swimmer's propulsion and overall speed and balance in the water. Novice swimmers may focus more on breathing and arm strokes, neglecting foot strokes (Lucero, 2015). Therefore, this study assumes that more foot strokes positively impact performance. The CK was calculated based on the number of foot strokes performed over a 25-meter distance.
Measured: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Secondary outcomes (1)
Heart rate
Heart rate is the parameter used to monitor the physiological response of swimmers to exercise and to assess aerobic fitness.
Measured: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 Mar 2025
- Study start27 Feb 2023
- Primary completion2 Jun 2023
- Study completion17 Oct 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Skills AcquisitionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 55 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Erzurum Technical University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ataturk University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Deniz Bedir, Erzurum Technical University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06868706
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ETU-VR-2025-02
- Other IDs
- E-70400699-000-2100187704
- Acronym
- VR-Swim Skill
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 27 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 11 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Franklin ZC, Wright DJ, Holmes PS. Using Action-congruent Language Facilitates the Motor Response during Action Observation: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Eye-tracking Study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2020 Apr;32(4):634-645. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01510. Epub 2019 Dec 10.
PubMed 31820678Craig AB Jr, Pendergast DR. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Fall;11(3):278-83.
PubMed 522640Clark SE, Ste-Marie DM. The impact of self-as-a-model interventions on children's self-regulation of learning and swimming performance. J Sports Sci. 2007 Mar;25(5):577-86. doi: 10.1080/02640410600947090.
PubMed 17365543Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb Cortex. 2005 Aug;15(8):1243-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi007. Epub 2004 Dec 22.
PubMed 15616133Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Carvalho C, Silva AJ. Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport. 2010 Mar;13(2):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 May 5.
PubMed 19409842Araiza-Alba, P., Keane, T., Matthews, B., Simpson, K., Strugnell, G., Chen, W. S., & Kaufman, J. The potential of 360-degree virtual reality videos to teach water-safety skills to children, Computers & Education, 2021, 163.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 11 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Virtual Reality-Supported Video Modeling for Enhancing Motor Skill Acquisition in Swimming
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06868706
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- VR-Swim Skill / ETU-VR-2025-02
- Conditions
- Skills Acquisition, Sports Performance, Swimming
- Keywords
- Virtual reality, Video modeling, Swimming performance, Motor skill acquisition, Novice swimmers
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 55 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Erzurum Technical UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ataturk University
- Study start
- 27 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 2 Jun 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 17 Oct 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 11 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Understanding the complex dynamics of motor skill acquisition in swimming is critical for developing effective training programs. Advances in technology, such as virtual and augmented reality, offer new opportunities to enhance learning and performance in this field. This study investigated the impact of virtual reality (VR)-supported video modeling (VM) swimming exercise programs compared with traditional approaches on the swimming performance of beginners.
Fifty-five university students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: the VR-supported VM group (VRVM) (n=28) and the traditional swimming group (TSG) (n=27). The VRVM group engaged in VR-supported VM practice in addition to traditional swimming training, whereas the TSG group only participated in traditional swimming training. The performance variables measured included swimming stroke (SS), crawling kick (CK), swimming duration (SD), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived excretion (RPE).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| VR-Supported Video Modeling Group | Experimental | Behavioral: VR-Supported Video Modeling, Behavioral: Traditional Swimming TrainingParticipants receive traditional swimming training as well as VR-supported video modelling training. |
| Traditional Swimming Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Traditional Swimming TrainingParticipants only receive traditional swimming training, but no VR or video modelling. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Never having taken a swimming course before. Not having any health problems. Not having water phobia.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- To be able to progress by stroking on the water without any support from anywhere.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| VR-Supported Video ModelingParticipants receive virtual reality (VR) supported video modeling training in addition to traditional swimming training. | Behavioural | VR-Supported Video Modeling Group |
| Traditional Swimming TrainingParticipants receive only traditional swimming training. Individuals in this group learn swimming techniques through traditional methods (practising in the water under the supervision of an instructor). | Behavioural | Traditional Swimming Group, VR-Supported Video Modeling Group |
Primary outcome
Swimming stroke
Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Swimming stroke (SS) refers to the number of strokes performed per minute, which impacts a swimmer's propulsion through the water. It is a critical factor in determining speed and efficiency.
Swimming duration
Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
The swimming duration is the swimmer's time to cover a 25-meter distance. Swimmers using the proper freestyle technique are expected to cover a given distance in less time, with lower SD scores positively contributing to swimming performance.
Crawling kick
Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
The crawling kick plays an essential role in a swimmer's propulsion and overall speed and balance in the water. Novice swimmers may focus more on breathing and arm strokes, neglecting foot strokes (Lucero, 2015). Therefore, this study assumes that more foot strokes positively impact performance. The CK was calculated based on the number of foot strokes performed over a 25-meter distance.
1 secondary outcome
Heart rate
Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 11 Mar 2025.
- Background: PubMed 31820678Franklin ZC, Wright DJ, Holmes PS. Using Action-congruent Language Facilitates the Motor Response during Action Observation: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Eye-tracking Study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2020 Apr;32(4):634-645. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01510. Epub 2019 Dec 10.
- Background: PubMed 522640Craig AB Jr, Pendergast DR. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Fall;11(3):278-83.
- Background: PubMed 17365543Clark SE, Ste-Marie DM. The impact of self-as-a-model interventions on children's self-regulation of learning and swimming performance. J Sports Sci. 2007 Mar;25(5):577-86. doi: 10.1080/02640410600947090.
- Background: PubMed 15616133Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb Cortex. 2005 Aug;15(8):1243-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi007. Epub 2004 Dec 22.
- Background: PubMed 19409842Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Carvalho C, Silva AJ. Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport. 2010 Mar;13(2):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 May 5.
- BackgroundAraiza-Alba, P., Keane, T., Matthews, B., Simpson, K., Strugnell, G., Chen, W. S., & Kaufman, J. The potential of 360-degree virtual reality videos to teach water-safety skills to children, Computers & Education, 2021, 163.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing VR-Supported Video Modeling and Traditional Swimming Training in people with Skills Acquisition and Sports Performance, run by Erzurum Technical University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 11 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Swimming stroke (time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06868706, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 11 Mar 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 29 Oct 2026.