Uncomplicated Urinary Tract InfectionABR UTINCT06885658
Effectiveness of Visual Storytelling Intervention on Antibiotic Adherence in UTI Patients
A study testing Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic Adherence in people with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection and Patient With Uncomplicated UTI, run by Xi'an Jiaotong University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a visual storytelling intervention in improving antibiotic adherence among adults with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group, where they will receive a visual sticker on their antibiotic packaing… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection, Patient With Uncomplicated UTI
- What is being tested?
- Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic Adherence
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 358 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2025to 21 Jan 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- Physician-confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).
- Prescribed oral antibiotics (tablet/capsule) for UTI treatment.
- Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent.
- Ability to complete follow-up assessments and adhere to the study protocol.
Who cannot join
- Diagnosed with complicated UTI (e.g., pyelonephritis, sepsis, or structural abnormalities).
- Multiple comorbidities that require polypharmacy.
- Cognitive impairment or mental disorders that would interfere with study participation.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
- Participation in another clinical trial that could interfere with this study.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effectiveness of Visual Storytelling Intervention on Antibiotic Adherence in UTI Patients in Pakistan: a Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a visual storytelling intervention in improving antibiotic adherence among adults with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group, where they will receive a visual sticker on their antibiotic packaing, explaining the importance of completing their antibiotic course, or the control group, which will receive routine care. The study will measure how well participants follow their prescribed antibiotic regimens and assess their knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use. The goal is to determine if visual storytelling can enhance adherence, reduce antibiotic resistance, and improve health outcomes.
Read the detailed description
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) will assess the impact of a visual storytelling intervention on antibiotic adherence among adults diagnosed with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). The intervention involves a visually engaging sticker that educates patients on the importance of completing their prescribed antibiotic course and the consequences of non-adherence, such as antibiotic resistance. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group, with the control group receiving standard care (e.g., verbal or written instructions). The primary outcome is adherence to the antibiotic regimen, measured by pill counts. Secondary outcomes include UTI recurrence, knowledge about antibiotic use, and attitudes toward antibiotic treatment. Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at follow-up visits over 1, 3, and 6 months. This study seeks to determine if visual storytelling can improve antibiotic adherence and help combat antibiotic resistance.
- Being tested
- Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic Adherence
- Keywords
- Visual storytelling, Antibiotic Adherence, UTI recurrence
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic AdherenceBehavioural
The intervention involves the use of a visual storytelling approach designed to improve antibiotic adherence in patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The intervention consists of a sticker featuring simple, visually appealing illustrations and a narrative highlighting the importance of completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics. The story contrasts the positive outcomes of adhering to the treatment with the negative consequences of stopping early, such as increased bacterial resistance. Key messages are reinforced through bold text and visual cues. This intervention aims to engage patients emotionally and cognitively, promoting behavior change by making the concept of antibiotic adherence more relatable and memorable.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Arm: Visual Storytelling using stickers | Experimental | In this arm, participants will receive a visual storytelling intervention designed to improve antibiotic adherence. The intervention involves a stickers (affixed to the antibiotic packages) containing simple, visually appealing illustrations that explain how antibiotics work and the consequences of not completing the full course. The story contrasts the positive outcomes of adhering to the treatment with the risks of non-adherence, including the development of antibiotic resistance. Key messages will highlight the importance of completing the prescribed antibiotic course. The intervention is intended to engage patients emotionally and cognitively, enhancing their understanding of antibiotic use and encouraging adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen. Receives: Behavioral: Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic Adherence |
| Control Group: Standard Care for Antibiotic Adherence | No intervention | The control group will receive the usual standard care for antibiotic adherence, which typically includes verbal or written instructions provided by the healthcare provider about the correct usage of prescribed antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections (UTI). This group will not receive any additional interventions, such as the visual storytelling intervention. The standard care aims to represent the typical approach to UTI treatment, allowing for a comparison of the effectiveness of the visual storytelling intervention against routine practice in improving antibiotic adherence. Participants in this group will also complete the same baseline and follow-up assessments related to knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics and adherence. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Antibiotic adherence
The primary outcome measure of this study is antibiotic adherence, which will be assessed by tracking the number of prescribed antibiotic pills taken by the participants at the end of their treatment course (typically 3-7 days).
Adherence will be calculated in two ways:
Proportional Adherence: The percentage of the prescribed pills that the patient takes will be calculated, expressed as a proportion (number of pills taken/total prescribed).
Categorical Adherence: Patients will be categorized as "adhered" (if they took ≥90% of the prescribed antibiotics) or "not adhered" (if they took <90% of the prescribed antibiotics).
Measured: Based on the antibiotic treatment course (3-7 days)
Secondary outcomes (3)
UTI Recurrence
This outcome will assess whether a participant experiences a recurrence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) after completing the prescribed course of antibiotics. Recurrence will be confirmed by a physician based on clinical evaluation and/or laboratory tests. A binary response (Yes/No) will be recorded based on physician confirmation of UTI recurrence.
Measured: UTI recurrence will be assessed at 3 months, and 6 months following the initial antibiotic treatment.
Knowledge
Knowledge Measurement: A 10-item true/false questionnaire will assess the patient's understanding of antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and the importance of completing the full antibiotic course. This includes questions like understanding the consequences of not completing antibiotic treatment or misusing antibiotics.
Measured: Knowledge will be assessed at baseline (before the intervention) and at first follow up (3-7 days) 3 months, and 6 months follow-up after the intervention.
Attitude
Attitude Measurement: A 5-item Likert scale will assess the patient's attitude towards antibiotics and adherence. Statements such as "Completing the full course of antibiotics is very important" and "I trust the advice given by my doctor regarding antibiotics" will be used to gauge attitude.
Measured: Attitude will be assessed at baseline (before the intervention) and at first follow up (3-7 days) 3 months, and 6 months follow-up after the intervention.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Mar 2025
- Study start1 Jul 2025
- Primary completion22 Jul 2025
- Study completion21 Jan 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract InfectionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study uses a parallel two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either: Intervention group: Receives a visual storytelling intervention designed to improve antibiotic adherence in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Control group: Receives standard care, which includes routine verbal or written instructions about antibiotic use. The intervention involves the delivery of a sticker affixed on the antibiotic packaging containing visual stories that emphasize the importance of completing the full antibiotic course and the consequences of non-adherence, including antibiotic resistance. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of this intervention with standard care in improving adherence to prescribed antibiotics
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Care provider, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 358 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Iltaf Hussain, Xi'an Jiaotong University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06885658
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- BZU-FOPDPP-2466
- Acronym
- ABR UTI
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 23 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: Given the sensitive nature of the data, particularly related to participants' health and personal information, ensuring privacy and confidentiality is of paramount importance. Sharing IPD may risk the unintended disclosure of personal identifiers. The study has been approved by an institutional ethics board, and the informed consent provided by participants specified the use of their data strictly for the purposes outlined in the study. Sharing IPD outside the approved scope could violate ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks.
Publications
Hussain I, Rasool MF, Ullah J, Khan I, Kadirhaz M, Xu M, Tang C, Dong Y, Zhao W, Khan FU, Chang J, Fang Y. Effectiveness of nudge-based visual storytelling in antibiotic adherence in uncomplicated urinary tract infection in Pakistan: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2025 Dec 17;27(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09328-1.
PubMed 41408333
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of Visual Storytelling Intervention on Antibiotic Adherence in UTI Patients in Pakistan: a Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06885658
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ABR UTI / BZU-FOPDPP-2466
- Keywords
- Visual storytelling, Antibiotic Adherence, UTI recurrence
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 358 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 22 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 21 Jan 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 20 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a visual storytelling intervention in improving antibiotic adherence among adults with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group, where they will receive a visual sticker on their antibiotic packaing, explaining the importance of completing their antibiotic course, or the control group, which will receive routine care. The study will measure how well participants follow their prescribed antibiotic regimens and assess their knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use. The goal is to determine if visual storytelling can enhance adherence, reduce antibiotic resistance, and improve health outcomes.
Detailed description
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) will assess the impact of a visual storytelling intervention on antibiotic adherence among adults diagnosed with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). The intervention involves a visually engaging sticker that educates patients on the importance of completing their prescribed antibiotic course and the consequences of non-adherence, such as antibiotic resistance. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group, with the control group receiving standard care (e.g., verbal or written instructions). The primary outcome is adherence to the antibiotic regimen, measured by pill counts. Secondary outcomes include UTI recurrence, knowledge about antibiotic use, and attitudes toward antibiotic treatment. Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at follow-up visits over 1, 3, and 6 months. This study seeks to determine if visual storytelling can improve antibiotic adherence and help combat antibiotic resistance.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (care provider, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study uses a parallel two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either: Intervention group: Receives a visual storytelling intervention designed to improve antibiotic adherence in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Control group: Receives standard care, which includes routine verbal or written instructions about antibiotic use. The intervention involves the delivery of a sticker affixed on the antibiotic packaging containing visual stories that emphasize the importance of completing the full antibiotic course and the consequences of non-adherence, including antibiotic resistance. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of this intervention with standard care in improving adherence to prescribed antibiotics
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Arm: Visual Storytelling using stickers | Experimental | Behavioral: Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic AdherenceIn this arm, participants will receive a visual storytelling intervention designed to improve antibiotic adherence. The intervention involves a stickers (affixed to the antibiotic packages) containing simple, visually appealing illustrations that explain how antibiotics work and the consequences of not completing the full course. The story contrasts the positive outcomes of adhering to the treatment with the risks of non-adherence, including the development of antibiotic resistance. Key messages will highlight the importance of completing the prescribed antibiotic course. The intervention is intended to engage patients emotionally and cognitively, enhancing their understanding of antibiotic use and encouraging adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen. |
| Control Group: Standard Care for Antibiotic Adherence | No intervention | –The control group will receive the usual standard care for antibiotic adherence, which typically includes verbal or written instructions provided by the healthcare provider about the correct usage of prescribed antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections (UTI). This group will not receive any additional interventions, such as the visual storytelling intervention. The standard care aims to represent the typical approach to UTI treatment, allowing for a comparison of the effectiveness of the visual storytelling intervention against routine practice in improving antibiotic adherence. Participants in this group will also complete the same baseline and follow-up assessments related to knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics and adherence. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- Physician-confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).
- Prescribed oral antibiotics (tablet/capsule) for UTI treatment.
- Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent.
- Ability to complete follow-up assessments and adhere to the study protocol.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Diagnosed with complicated UTI (e.g., pyelonephritis, sepsis, or structural abnormalities).
- Multiple comorbidities that require polypharmacy.
- Cognitive impairment or mental disorders that would interfere with study participation.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
- Participation in another clinical trial that could interfere with this study.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic AdherenceThe intervention involves the use of a visual storytelling approach designed to improve antibiotic adherence in patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The intervention consists of a sticker featuring simple, visually appealing illustrations and a narrative highlighting the importance of completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics. The story contrasts the positive outcomes of adhering to the treatment with the negative consequences of stopping early, such as increased bacterial resistance. Key messages are reinforced through bold text and visual cues. This intervention aims to engage patients emotionally and cognitively, promoting behavior change by making the concept of antibiotic adherence more relatable and memorable. | Behavioural | Intervention Arm: Visual Storytelling using stickers |
Primary outcome
Antibiotic adherence
Time frame: Based on the antibiotic treatment course (3-7 days)
The primary outcome measure of this study is antibiotic adherence, which will be assessed by tracking the number of prescribed antibiotic pills taken by the participants at the end of their treatment course (typically 3-7 days). Adherence will be calculated in two ways: Proportional Adherence: The percentage of the prescribed pills that the patient takes will be calculated, expressed as a proportion (number of pills taken/total prescribed). Categorical Adherence: Patients will be categorized as "adhered" (if they took ≥90% of the prescribed antibiotics) or "not adhered" (if they took <90% of the prescribed antibiotics).
3 secondary outcomes
UTI Recurrence
Time frame: UTI recurrence will be assessed at 3 months, and 6 months following the initial antibiotic treatment.
Knowledge
Time frame: Knowledge will be assessed at baseline (before the intervention) and at first follow up (3-7 days) 3 months, and 6 months follow-up after the intervention.
Attitude
Time frame: Attitude will be assessed at baseline (before the intervention) and at first follow up (3-7 days) 3 months, and 6 months follow-up after the intervention.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Apr 2026.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41408333Hussain I, Rasool MF, Ullah J, Khan I, Kadirhaz M, Xu M, Tang C, Dong Y, Zhao W, Khan FU, Chang J, Fang Y. Effectiveness of nudge-based visual storytelling in antibiotic adherence in uncomplicated urinary tract infection in Pakistan: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2025 Dec 17;27(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09328-1.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. Given the sensitive nature of the data, particularly related to participants' health and personal information, ensuring privacy and confidentiality is of paramount importance. Sharing IPD may risk the unintended disclosure of personal identifiers. The study has been approved by an institutional ethics board, and the informed consent provided by participants specified the use of their data strictly for the purposes outlined in the study. Sharing IPD outside the approved scope could violate ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Visual Storytelling Intervention for Antibiotic Adherence in people with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection and Patient With Uncomplicated UTI, run by Xi'an Jiaotong University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Antibiotic adherence (time frame: Based on the antibiotic treatment course (3-7 days)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06885658, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Apr 2026.