Health Belief ModelEducationNCT06891404
The Relationship Between Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education and Genital Hygiene and UTI Prevention Attitudes
A study testing Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education in people with Health Belief Model and Education, run by Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Objective: This study seeks to enhance the hygiene awareness of students receiving education in the healthcare field, contributing to the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 49 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Health Belief Model, Education
- What is being tested?
- Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 122 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 16 Mar 2025to 15 Aug 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 49 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- To agree to participate in the study, to fully attend the scheduled training
Who cannot join
- Refusing to participate in the study,
- having previously taken a course on women's reproductive health and genital hygiene,
- incomplete attendance at the training,
- incomplete filling out of the data collection tool.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Relationship Between Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education and Genital Hygiene Behaviors and Attitudes Toward the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
Objective: This study seeks to enhance the hygiene awareness of students receiving education in the healthcare field, contributing to the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Additionally, the study's findings will provide essential data for improving educational programs and establishing strategies for protecting urogenital health.
Materials and Methods: The data for the study will be collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Genital Hygiene Behaviors Scale, and the Health Belief Scale for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections. The data analysis will be conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 Windows program, with a significance level of p<0.05 considered statistically significant. The normality distribution of the data will be examined, and Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency analysis will be performed to assess the validity and reliability of the scales. For the analysis of descriptive data, mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage will be used. The comparison of ordinal measurements will be analyzed using the paired t-test for repeated measures in dependent groups.
Read more
Design: Randomized controlled.
The population of the study will consist of students enrolled in the Departments of Child Development, Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Management, and Social Work at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Using the G*Power program, with 1-β = 0.95 power, α = 0.05 error level, and an effect size of f = 0.6, the sample size was determined to be 122 students (61 in the intervention group and 61 in the control group).
Read the detailed description
Genital hygiene is one of the fundamental health behaviors that play a crucial role in protecting women's reproductive health. The reproductive age, defined as 15-49 years, is the period in which reproductive health issues are most frequently observed. It is reported that approximately one million women worldwide experience genital infections each year, and 75% of women have a history of vaginal infection. In developing countries, this issue is a significant public health concern that women encounter at least once in their lifetime. In Turkey, regional studies indicate that both genital infections and risky hygiene behaviors that may lead to vaginal infections are prevalent. Especially among young women, adopting proper hygiene habits is crucial in preventing genital infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and other urogenital health problems.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely used theoretical framework for understanding and improving individuals' health behaviors. HBM aims to explain individuals' perceptions of a disease or health problem and how these perceptions influence their behaviors. This model consists of several components: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. Educational programs are expected to increase individuals' awareness based on these components and promote positive behavioral changes in hygiene practices.
Hygiene education plays a vital role in maintaining genital hygiene. Various studies in the literature examine the relationship between education and young women's urogenital health. Research findings indicate that female students have knowledge gaps and that students who receive genital hygiene education adopt more conscious hygiene practices. However, experimental studies investigating the effect of HBM-based genital hygiene education on genital hygiene behaviors and attitudes toward the prevention of urinary tract infections remain limited.
In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the relationship between nurse-led HBM-based education provided to students of the Faculty of Health Sciences and their genital hygiene behaviors and attitudes toward UTI prevention.
This study seeks to enhance the hygiene awareness of students receiving education in the healthcare field, contributing to the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Additionally, the study's findings will provide essential data for improving educational programs and establishing strategies for protecting urogenital health.
- Conditions
- Health Belief Model, Education
- Being tested
- Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, Education, Genital hygiene, Infections
- Medical subject headings
- Infections
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based EducationOther
Topic of the Training:
Importance of Genital Hygiene Behaviors Definition of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Complications that may arise if left untreated Effects on daily life Proper toilet hygiene Selection and cleaning of underwear Menstrual hygiene Importance of sexual hygiene Common Misconceptions About Genital Hygiene Behaviors
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Experimental | The study will involve female students aged 18-49 who are studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Data will be collected via a pre-structured form using Google Forms. A pre-test will be applied to the students, followed by Health Belief Model (HBM)-based Genital Hygiene Education. The objectives of the education will be prepared in line with the sub-dimensions of the HBM, such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. The education is planned to last a total of 4 class hours (160 minutes). The education will be conducted face-to-face in a classroom setting.Two weeks after the training, the students' behaviors and attitudes will be evaluated using the prepared data collection tool. Receives: Other: Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education |
| Control | No intervention | The study will involve female students aged 18-49 who are studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Data will be collected via a pre-structured form using Google Forms. This group will not receive any education, but after the intervention group completes the education, a post-test will be conducted with this group as well. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
The Descriptive Characteristics Form
Consists of 14 items prepared by the researchers based on the literature.
Measured: 5 minutes
Secondary outcomes (2)
Genital Hygiene Behavior Scale
The GHBS was developed to assess women's genital hygiene behaviors and consists of 23 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (Karahan, 2017). The scale includes three subdimensions: "General Hygiene Practices" (items 1-12), "Menstrual Hygiene" (items 13-20), and "Awareness of Abnormal Symptoms" (items 21-23). Items are scored from 5 ("strongly agree") to 1 ("strongly disagree"), with items 7, 14, 19, 20, and 23 reverse coded. The total score ranges from 23 to 115, with higher scores indicating more positive genital hygiene behaviors.
Measured: 15 minute
Health Belief Scale for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
The HBS-UTI was developed to evaluate women's health beliefs regarding the prevention of urinary tract infections within the framework of the Health Belief Model (Kaçar \& Kolaç, 2024). The scale comprises 26 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale and includes six subdimensions: "perceived benefit", "perceived obstacle", "perceived seriousness", "perceived sensitivity", "health motivation" and "self-efficacy". Possible scores range from 26 to 130, with higher scores reflecting stronger health beliefs toward the prevention of UTIs. The original Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88, and in the present study it was calculated as 0.91.
Measured: 15 minute
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Mar 2025
- Study start16 Mar 2025
- Primary completion15 Jun 2025
- Study completion15 Aug 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Health Belief ModelStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Saglik Bilimleri UniversitesiThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- The study will be conducted with 122 students, 61 controls and 61 interventions.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Merve Kolcu, Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
- Investigators
- Merve KOLCU, PhD, Principal investigator, merve.kolcu@sbu.edu.trNur Bahar KURU AKTURK, Msc, Study chair, nurbaharkuru@arel.edu.trAydan YILMAZ, Msc, Study chair, aydan.yilmaz@sbu.edu.trBeyzanur ISBAY AYDEMIR, PhD(c), Study chair, beyzanurisbay@aydin.edu.tr
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06891404
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2025/03
- Acronym
- Education
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 17 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 3 Dec 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Dec 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Relationship Between Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education and Genital Hygiene Behaviors and Attitudes Toward the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06891404
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Education / 2025/03
- Conditions
- Health Belief Model, Education
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, Education, Genital hygiene, Infections
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Saglik Bilimleri UniversitesiUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Aug 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Objective: This study seeks to enhance the hygiene awareness of students receiving education in the healthcare field, contributing to the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Additionally, the study's findings will provide essential data for improving educational programs and establishing strategies for protecting urogenital health.
Materials and Methods: The data for the study will be collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Genital Hygiene Behaviors Scale, and the Health Belief Scale for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections. The data analysis will be conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 Windows program, with a significance level of p<0.05 considered statistically significant. The normality distribution of the data will be examined, and Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency analysis will be performed to assess the validity and reliability of the scales. For the analysis of descriptive data, mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage will be used. The comparison of ordinal measurements will be analyzed using the paired t-test for repeated measures in dependent groups.
Design: Randomized controlled.
The population of the study will consist of students enrolled in the Departments of Child Development, Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Management, and Social Work at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Using the G*Power program, with 1-β = 0.95 power, α = 0.05 error level, and an effect size of f = 0.6, the sample size was determined to be 122 students (61 in the intervention group and 61 in the control group).
Detailed description
Genital hygiene is one of the fundamental health behaviors that play a crucial role in protecting women's reproductive health. The reproductive age, defined as 15-49 years, is the period in which reproductive health issues are most frequently observed. It is reported that approximately one million women worldwide experience genital infections each year, and 75% of women have a history of vaginal infection. In developing countries, this issue is a significant public health concern that women encounter at least once in their lifetime. In Turkey, regional studies indicate that both genital infections and risky hygiene behaviors that may lead to vaginal infections are prevalent. Especially among young women, adopting proper hygiene habits is crucial in preventing genital infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and other urogenital health problems.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely used theoretical framework for understanding and improving individuals' health behaviors. HBM aims to explain individuals' perceptions of a disease or health problem and how these perceptions influence their behaviors. This model consists of several components: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. Educational programs are expected to increase individuals' awareness based on these components and promote positive behavioral changes in hygiene practices.
Hygiene education plays a vital role in maintaining genital hygiene. Various studies in the literature examine the relationship between education and young women's urogenital health. Research findings indicate that female students have knowledge gaps and that students who receive genital hygiene education adopt more conscious hygiene practices. However, experimental studies investigating the effect of HBM-based genital hygiene education on genital hygiene behaviors and attitudes toward the prevention of urinary tract infections remain limited.
In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the relationship between nurse-led HBM-based education provided to students of the Faculty of Health Sciences and their genital hygiene behaviors and attitudes toward UTI prevention.
This study seeks to enhance the hygiene awareness of students receiving education in the healthcare field, contributing to the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Additionally, the study's findings will provide essential data for improving educational programs and establishing strategies for protecting urogenital health.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- The study will be conducted with 122 students, 61 controls and 61 interventions.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Experimental | Other: Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based EducationThe study will involve female students aged 18-49 who are studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Data will be collected via a pre-structured form using Google Forms. A pre-test will be applied to the students, followed by Health Belief Model (HBM)-based Genital Hygiene Education. The objectives of the education will be prepared in line with the sub-dimensions of the HBM, such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. The education is planned to last a total of 4 class hours (160 minutes). The education will be conducted face-to-face in a classroom setting.Two weeks after the training, the students' behaviors and attitudes will be evaluated using the prepared data collection tool. |
| Control | No intervention | –The study will involve female students aged 18-49 who are studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a private university. Data will be collected via a pre-structured form using Google Forms. This group will not receive any education, but after the intervention group completes the education, a post-test will be conducted with this group as well. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 49 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- To agree to participate in the study, to fully attend the scheduled training
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Refusing to participate in the study,
- having previously taken a course on women's reproductive health and genital hygiene,
- incomplete attendance at the training,
- incomplete filling out of the data collection tool.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based EducationTopic of the Training: Importance of Genital Hygiene Behaviors Definition of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Complications that may arise if left untreated Effects on daily life Proper toilet hygiene Selection and cleaning of underwear Menstrual hygiene Importance of sexual hygiene Common Misconceptions About Genital Hygiene Behaviors | Other | Experimental |
Primary outcome
The Descriptive Characteristics Form
Time frame: 5 minutes
Consists of 14 items prepared by the researchers based on the literature.
2 secondary outcomes
Genital Hygiene Behavior Scale
Time frame: 15 minute
Health Belief Scale for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
Time frame: 15 minute
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Dec 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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The Effect of Health Belief Model-Based HPV Infection and Vaccination Education on University Students' Knowledge and Health Beliefs
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Effects of Web-Based Ovarian Cancer Awareness Education on Women's Health Beliefs and Risk-Reducing Behaviors
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Merve KOLCU, PhD principal investigator
merve.kolcu@sbu.edu.tr
Nur Bahar KURU AKTURK, Msc study chair
nurbaharkuru@arel.edu.tr
Aydan YILMAZ, Msc study chair
aydan.yilmaz@sbu.edu.tr
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Nurse-Led Health Belief Model-Based Education in people with Health Belief Model and Education, run by Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Dec 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
The Descriptive Characteristics Form (time frame: 5 minutes). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Dec 2025.