White Spot LesionsNCT06897033
AI-Generated WhatsApp Reminders vs. No Reminders: Impact on Oral Health in Young Adults
A study testing Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders and Oral Health Education in people with White Spot Lesions and Dental Plaque, run by Cairo University.
Trial summary
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-generated WhatsApp reminders on improving oral hygiene practices among individuals aged 20-40 years visiting the periodontal clinic at El-Qasr El-Ainy Dental Hospital. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 20 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- White Spot Lesions, Dental Plaque, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health
- What is being tested?
- Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders and Oral Health Education
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- May 2025to Sep 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 20 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Received a non-surgical periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instructions.
- Own a smartphone with WhatsApp installed.
- Willing and able to provide informed consent to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Individuals with pre-existing oral health conditions requiring specialized care.
- Patients who received surgical periodontal interventions.
- Participation in another oral health or diet-related study.
- Individuals who do not use WhatsApp or are unwilling to receive messages through the platform.
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Mohamed Mostafa Kamel Khaleil, Bachelor of Dental Surgery contact
About this study
Official title: Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Generated WhatsApp Reminders Compared to No Reminders on Oral Health Among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-generated WhatsApp reminders on improving oral hygiene practices among individuals aged 20-40 years visiting the periodontal clinic at El-Qasr El-Ainy Dental Hospital. Participants will be randomly assigned to either receive health education followed by AI-generated WhatsApp reminders over a 3-month period or to a control group receiving health education only. The primary outcome is the presence of white spot lesions, assessed using the modified Gorelick White Spot Lesion (WSL) index. Secondary outcomes include the presence of dental plaque, measured by the Plaque Index (PI). This study seeks to determine whether AI-generated reminders can enhance oral hygiene adherence compared to standard health education alone.
- Conditions
- White Spot Lesions, Dental Plaque, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health
- Being tested
- Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders, Oral Health Education
- Keywords
- Oral hygiene, Reminders
- Medical subject headings
- Dental Plaque
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp remindersBehavioural
Participants will receive dental health education in a one to one personal session followed by Text messages generated by AI large language model (ChatGPT free version) about oral hygiene practices for three month in a tapering frequency. These messages will be designed based on Fogg's Behavior Model, focusing on enhancing motivation, ability, and providing clear triggers for action.
Oral Health EducationBehavioural
Oral health education in a one to one session explaining the importance of oral hygiene measures and demonstrating teeth brushing techniques and healthy dietary guidelines and recommendations.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Health Education followed by Whatsapp AI-Generated Reminders Group | Experimental | This arm will receive oral health education followed by Whatsapp AI-generated text messages as reminders design to motivate, uplift self efficacy and remind individuals to practice good oral hygiene measures over the course of 3 months. Receives: Behavioral: Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders; Behavioral: Oral Health Education |
| Health Education Only | Active comparator | This group will receive personal health education session only. Receives: Behavioral: Oral Health Education |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
White Spot Lesion in the oral cavity
Presence of white spot lesions which will be measured by the modified Gorelick WSL index (Gorelick et al., 1982) which uses categorical scoring system from 0-3.
Measured: 3 Months
Secondary outcomes (1)
Presence of Plaque
Presence of dental plaque which will be measured using the Plaque Index (PI) (Silness \& Löe, 1964) measured as percentage (%) of tooth surfaces with plaque.
Measured: 3 Months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted26 Mar 2025
- Study startMay 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completionSep 2025 (estimated)
- Study completionSep 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (18)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for White Spot LesionsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Cairo UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Cairo University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mohamed Mostafa Kamel, Cairo University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06897033
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- OPER 1-3-2
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 20 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 2 Apr 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnett AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod. 1982 Feb;81(2):93-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(82)90032-x.
PubMed 6758594Abou El Fadl RK, Abdel Fattah MA, Helmi MA, Wassel MO, Badran AS, Elgendi HAA, Allam MEE, Mokhtar AG, Saad Eldin M, Ibrahim EAY, Elgarba BM, Mehlis M. Periodontal diseases and potential risk factors in Egyptian adult population-Results from a national cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021 Nov 3;16(11):e0258958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258958. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34731192Albandar JM, Rams TE. Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases: an overview. Periodontol 2000. 2002;29:7-10. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.290101.x. No abstract available.
PubMed 12102700Bender M, et al. The effectiveness of digital health interventions for health behavior change: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jul 7;22(7):e17841. doi: 10.2196/17841.
Eppright M, Shroff B, Best AM, Barcoma E, Lindauer SJ. Influence of active reminders on oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2014 Mar;84(2):208-13. doi: 10.2319/062813-481.1. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
PubMed 24028316Fogg BJ. A behavior model for persuasive design. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology. New York: ACM; 2009. p. 40.
Gentili A, Failla G, Melnyk A, Puleo V, Tanna GLD, Ricciardi W, Cascini F. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: A systematic review of the literature. Front Public Health. 2022 Aug 11;10:787135. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.787135. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 36033812Kumar GS, Kashyap A, Raghav S, Bhardwaj R, Singh A, Guram G. Role of Text Message Reminder on Oral Hygiene Maintenance of Orthodontic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Jan 1;19(1):98-101. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2219.
PubMed 29358543LOE H, SILNESS J. PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. I. PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963 Dec;21:533-51. doi: 10.3109/00016356309011240. No abstract available.
PubMed 14121956Mekhemar M, Ebeid K, Attia S, Dorfer C, Conrad J. Oral Health Attitudes among Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students: A Pilot Study and Self-Assessment in an Egyptian State-Funded University. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 30;18(1):234. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010234.
PubMed 33396877Orth M, Averina M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Faure G, Haushofer A, Kusec V, Machado A, Misbah SA, Oosterhuis W, Pulkki K, Twomey PJ, Wieland E. Opinion: redefining the role of the physician in laboratory medicine in the context of emerging technologies, personalised medicine and patient autonomy ('4P medicine'). J Clin Pathol. 2019 Mar;72(3):191-197. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204734. Epub 2017 Dec 22.
PubMed 29273576Pubalan S, Zi Hong O, Yongxian T, Mabel L. Assessing effectiveness of WhatsApp messaging program in oral hygiene care for orthodontic patients: A randomised controlled trial. J Orthod. 2024 Dec;51(4):407-414. doi: 10.1177/14653125241230561. Epub 2024 Feb 17.
PubMed 38366912Ross MC, Campbell PM, Tadlock LP, Taylor RW, Buschang PH. Effect of automated messaging on oral hygiene in adolescent orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2019 Mar;89(2):262-267. doi: 10.2319/040618-260.1. Epub 2018 Dec 5.
PubMed 30516416Samvel Mkhitaryan, Philippe J. Giabbanelli, Nanne K. de Vries, Rik Crutzen. Dealing with complexity: How to use a hybrid approach to incorporate complexity in health behavior interventions. Intelligence-Based Medicine. 2020; 3-4: 1-13.
Saxena K, Gunjal S. Influence of WhatsApp and electronic mail reminders on oral hygiene compliance of orthodontic patients using planimetry : A randomized clinical trial. J Orofac Orthop. 2022 Jul;83(4):269-276. doi: 10.1007/s00056-021-00301-6. Epub 2021 May 4.
PubMed 33944974
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Apr 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Generated WhatsApp Reminders Compared to No Reminders on Oral Health Among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06897033
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- OPER 1-3-2
- Conditions
- White Spot Lesions, Dental Plaque, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health
- Keywords
- Oral hygiene, Reminders
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Cairo UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- May 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Sep 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Sep 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 26 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-generated WhatsApp reminders on improving oral hygiene practices among individuals aged 20-40 years visiting the periodontal clinic at El-Qasr El-Ainy Dental Hospital. Participants will be randomly assigned to either receive health education followed by AI-generated WhatsApp reminders over a 3-month period or to a control group receiving health education only. The primary outcome is the presence of white spot lesions, assessed using the modified Gorelick White Spot Lesion (WSL) index. Secondary outcomes include the presence of dental plaque, measured by the Plaque Index (PI). This study seeks to determine whether AI-generated reminders can enhance oral hygiene adherence compared to standard health education alone.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Health Education followed by Whatsapp AI-Generated Reminders Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders, Behavioral: Oral Health EducationThis arm will receive oral health education followed by Whatsapp AI-generated text messages as reminders design to motivate, uplift self efficacy and remind individuals to practice good oral hygiene measures over the course of 3 months. |
| Health Education Only | Active comparator | Behavioral: Oral Health EducationThis group will receive personal health education session only. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 20 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Received a non-surgical periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instructions.
- Own a smartphone with WhatsApp installed.
- Willing and able to provide informed consent to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Individuals with pre-existing oral health conditions requiring specialized care.
- Patients who received surgical periodontal interventions.
- Participation in another oral health or diet-related study.
- Individuals who do not use WhatsApp or are unwilling to receive messages through the platform.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp remindersParticipants will receive dental health education in a one to one personal session followed by Text messages generated by AI large language model (ChatGPT free version) about oral hygiene practices for three month in a tapering frequency. These messages will be designed based on Fogg's Behavior Model, focusing on enhancing motivation, ability, and providing clear triggers for action. | Behavioural | Health Education followed by Whatsapp AI-Generated Reminders Group |
| Oral Health EducationOral health education in a one to one session explaining the importance of oral hygiene measures and demonstrating teeth brushing techniques and healthy dietary guidelines and recommendations. | Behavioural | Health Education Only, Health Education followed by Whatsapp AI-Generated Reminders Group |
Primary outcome
White Spot Lesion in the oral cavity
Time frame: 3 Months
Presence of white spot lesions which will be measured by the modified Gorelick WSL index (Gorelick et al., 1982) which uses categorical scoring system from 0-3.
1 secondary outcome
Presence of Plaque
Time frame: 3 Months
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Apr 2025.
- Background: PubMed 6758594Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnett AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod. 1982 Feb;81(2):93-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(82)90032-x.
- Background: PubMed 34731192Abou El Fadl RK, Abdel Fattah MA, Helmi MA, Wassel MO, Badran AS, Elgendi HAA, Allam MEE, Mokhtar AG, Saad Eldin M, Ibrahim EAY, Elgarba BM, Mehlis M. Periodontal diseases and potential risk factors in Egyptian adult population-Results from a national cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021 Nov 3;16(11):e0258958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258958. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 12102700Albandar JM, Rams TE. Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases: an overview. Periodontol 2000. 2002;29:7-10. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.290101.x. No abstract available.
- BackgroundBender M, et al. The effectiveness of digital health interventions for health behavior change: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jul 7;22(7):e17841. doi: 10.2196/17841.
- Background: PubMed 24028316Eppright M, Shroff B, Best AM, Barcoma E, Lindauer SJ. Influence of active reminders on oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2014 Mar;84(2):208-13. doi: 10.2319/062813-481.1. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
- BackgroundFogg BJ. A behavior model for persuasive design. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology. New York: ACM; 2009. p. 40.
- Background: PubMed 36033812Gentili A, Failla G, Melnyk A, Puleo V, Tanna GLD, Ricciardi W, Cascini F. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: A systematic review of the literature. Front Public Health. 2022 Aug 11;10:787135. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.787135. eCollection 2022.
- Background: PubMed 29358543Kumar GS, Kashyap A, Raghav S, Bhardwaj R, Singh A, Guram G. Role of Text Message Reminder on Oral Hygiene Maintenance of Orthodontic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Jan 1;19(1):98-101. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2219.
- Background: PubMed 14121956LOE H, SILNESS J. PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. I. PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963 Dec;21:533-51. doi: 10.3109/00016356309011240. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 33396877Mekhemar M, Ebeid K, Attia S, Dorfer C, Conrad J. Oral Health Attitudes among Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students: A Pilot Study and Self-Assessment in an Egyptian State-Funded University. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 30;18(1):234. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010234.
- Background: PubMed 29273576Orth M, Averina M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Faure G, Haushofer A, Kusec V, Machado A, Misbah SA, Oosterhuis W, Pulkki K, Twomey PJ, Wieland E. Opinion: redefining the role of the physician in laboratory medicine in the context of emerging technologies, personalised medicine and patient autonomy ('4P medicine'). J Clin Pathol. 2019 Mar;72(3):191-197. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204734. Epub 2017 Dec 22.
- Background: PubMed 38366912Pubalan S, Zi Hong O, Yongxian T, Mabel L. Assessing effectiveness of WhatsApp messaging program in oral hygiene care for orthodontic patients: A randomised controlled trial. J Orthod. 2024 Dec;51(4):407-414. doi: 10.1177/14653125241230561. Epub 2024 Feb 17.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Mohamed Mostafa Kamel Khaleil, Bachelor of Dental Surgery contact
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Health education followed by AI-generated Whatsapp reminders and Oral Health Education in people with White Spot Lesions and Dental Plaque, run by Cairo University.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Apr 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Mohamed Mostafa Kamel Khaleil, Bachelor of Dental Surgery (00201060922999, mohamed_moustafa@dentistry.cu.edu.eg), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
White Spot Lesion in the oral cavity (time frame: 3 Months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06897033, which also lists 18 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Apr 2025.