Efficacy and Safety of Efsubaglutide Alfa Injection 3 Mg Q2W in T2D Patients

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• Patients with Type 1 diabetes or other specific types of diabetes;
• Receipt of any of the following medications or treatments: a. Use of antidiabetic medications (including herbal medicines, other traditional medicines, and health products) within 2 months prior to screening; b. Use of non-antidiabetic medications that may significantly affect glucose metabolism for ≥7 days within 2 months prior to screening [e.g., glucocorticoids (excluding inhaled, ophthalmic, or topical applications), growth hormones, sympathomimetic agents (e.g., isoproterenol, dopamine, atropine), high-dose salicylates (e.g., aspirin >300 mg/day), danazol, octreotide, or anabolic androgenic steroids (e.g., oxymetholone, oxandrolone)].
• Presence of any of the following medical histories or conditions: a. Known hypersensitivity to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists; b. History of diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, or lactic acidosis within 6 months prior to screening; c. Presence of unstable or treatment-requiring proliferative retinopathy or maculopathy, severe diabetic neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or diabetic foot within 6 months prior to screening; d. Severe hypoglycemia (Grade 3) events within 6 months prior to screening, or non-severe hypoglycemia occurring 3 or more times within 1 month prior to screening; e. History of gastroparesis, or clinically significant gastric emptying abnormalities, or severe gastrointestinal diseases as deemed by the investigator; f. Presence of any condition that may cause hemolysis or erythrocyte instability affecting HbA1c measurements (e.g., hematologic malignancies, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell disease); g. History of acute or chronic pancreatitis; h. History of acute cholecystitis within 6 months prior to screening, or symptomatic or treatment-requiring cholelithiasis within 6 months prior to screening (except for subjects who have undergone cholecystectomy and are clinically stable); i. Presence of Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, or inadequately controlled hypothyroidism at screening (except for subjects who have subclinical hypothyroidism not requiring thyroid hormone therapy as determined by the investigator and with TSH <10 mIU/ml); j. History of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 or medullary thyroid carcinoma, or a family history of these conditions in a first-degree relative; k. Presence of the following cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions within 6 months prior to screening: decompensated heart failure (NYHA Class III or IV), treatment-requiring arrhythmia, unstable angina or myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention, stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), or transient ischemic attack; l. History of malignancy within the past 5 years (excluding clinically cured cervical carcinoma in situ or basal cell carcinoma of the skin) or potential malignancy under evaluation; m. Severe trauma, severe infection, or surgery that may affect glycemic control within 1 month prior to screening, or planned surgery that may interfere with study completion or compliance.
• Presence of any of the following conditions at screening or prior to randomization: a. Sitting systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg; b. Clinically relevant abnormalities on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) that may affect subject safety or interpretation of study results (e.g., treatment-requiring arrhythmia); c. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >2.5×ULN, or total bilirubin (TBIL) >2.0×ULN; d. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² (using CKD-EPI formula); e. Serum calcitonin ≥50 ng/L (pg/mL); f. Hemoglobin <100 g/L; g. Fasting triglycerides ≥5.7 mmol/L; h. Serum amylase and/or lipase ≥3×ULN.
• Presence of the following serological abnormalities at screening: a. Positive HIV antibody; b. Positive hepatitis C antibody (HCV-Ab); c. Positive syphilis-specific antibody; d. Positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb); if either test is positive, HBV-DNA quantification must be performed, and subjects with results ≥ the lower limit of detection are excluded from the study.
• Receipt of blood or plasma products within 3 months prior to screening, or blood donation or blood loss exceeding 400 mL within 3 months prior to screening.