Primary Liver CancerNCT06914648
The Dragon PLC Trial (DRAGON-PLC)
A study testing Portal Vein Embolization and Hepatic Vein Embolization in people with Primary Liver Cancer and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), run by Maastricht University at 55 sites in 12 countries.
Trial summary
The goal of the DRAGON PLC clinical trial is to determine whether portal vein embolization (PVE) combined with hepatic vein embolization (HVE) improves resectability and overall survival in patients with initially unresectable primary liver cancer compared to standard PVE alone. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Primary Liver Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Cholangiocarcinoma
- What is being tested?
- Portal Vein Embolization and Hepatic Vein Embolization
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 358 participants
- Where
- 55 sitesin 12 countries
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2025to 15 Nov 2032
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- PLC diagnosis, specifically iCCC, pCCC, and HCC;
- Requiring PVE due to an FLR volume is <30% in normally functioning livers, <40% in livers with potentially impaired function e.g. resulting from prior systemic therapy induction or bile duct colonization / transpapillary biliary drainage, or <50% in livers with severely impaired function resulting from liver cirrhosis (max. Child Pugh A5) OR function on hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HEBIS) is < 2.7 %/min/m2;
- Age ≥ 18 years;
- Able to understand the trial and provide informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Liver cirrhosis with a Child-Pugh score of B or C;
- Presence of portal hypertension;
- Presence of cholangitis;
- Pregnant women;
- Premenopausal females not able/willing to commit to contraception (specifically long-acting reversible contraception or hormonal contraception);
- Patients unresectable due to prohibitive comorbidities (decision made by local multidisciplinary team);
Show all 10Show fewer
- Patients with hepatic malignancies other than iCCC, pCCC or HCC;
- PVE/HVE anatomically not feasible;
- Any patient with non-resectable or non-ablatable extrahepatic metastatic disease.
- Unable to understand the study information, study instructions and give informed consent
Trial locations and contacts
55 sites in 12 countries. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
55 sites in 12 countries
Canada14 sites, 14 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Foothills Medical Center
Calgary, Alberta
C. Ball, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center
Halifax, Nova Scotia
M. Walsh, Dr.
C. Lightfoot, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre
Hamilton, Ontario
L. Ruo, Dr.
G. Markose, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Kingston Health Sciences Centre
Kingston, Ontario
S. Bennet, Dr.
A. Menard, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
London Health Sciences Centre
London, Ontario
A. Skaro, Dr.
A. Mujoomdar, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
Montreal
Franck Vandenbroucke-Menu, Dr.
Franck Vandenbroucke-Menu, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
McGill University Health Centre, Montreal
Montreal
Peter Metrakos, Prof. Dr.
Peter Metrakos, Prof. Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
L'Hopital d'Ottawa
Ottawa
Guillaume Martel, Dr.
Guillaume Martel, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Royal University Hospital
Saskatoon
M. Moser, Dr.
M. Wright, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Quebec
Dr. Y. Collin, Dr.
Dr. Y. Collin, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
St. Joseph's Health Centre
Toronto, Ontario
S. Jayaraman, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Sunnybrook Hospital
Toronto, Ontario
P. Karanicolas, Dr.
G. Maroune, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
University Health Network/TGH
Toronto, Ontario
S. Gallinger, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, British Columbia
M. Segedi, Dr.
D. Klass, Dr.
Belgium9 sites, 9 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
UZ Antwerpen
Antwerp, Edegem, 2650
Thiery Chapelle, Dr.
Thomas Jardinet, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Erasmus Hospital
Brussels, Brussels Capital, 1070
Valerio Lucidi, Dr.
Illario Tancredi, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, UCLouvain
Brussels, 1200
Laurent Coubeau, Dr.
Laurent Coubeau, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
UZ Gent
Ghent, Gent, 9000
T. Chapell, Prof. Dr.
Thiery Chapelle, Prof. Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Jessa Hospital
Hasselt, 3500
Gregory Sergeant, Dr.
Gregory Sergeant, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
UZ Brussel
Jette, 1090
Nouredin Messaoudi, Prof. Dr.
Nouredin Messaoudi, Prof. Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
AZ Groeninge Hospital Kortrijk
Kortrijk, 8500
Mathieu D'Hondt, Dr.
Mathieu D'Hondt, Dr
- Recruiting
CHU Liège
Liège, Liège, 4000
Celine Lambrecht
Axelle Bertrand
- Not yet recruiting
CHU-UCL Namur site Godinne (UCLouvain)
Yvoir, Namen, 5530
Alexandra Dili, Dr
Hadrien Fourneau, Dr.
Switzerland6 sites, 6 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Claraspital Basel
Basel
O. Kollmar, Prof.
M. Hoffmann, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Universitätsspital Basel
Basel
O. Kollmar, Prof.
M. Hoffmann, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
CHUV - Lausanne University Hospital
Lausanne
E. Melloul, Dr.
A. Denys, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna
Lucerne
E. Schadde, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Cantonal Hospital Winterthur
Winterthur, Canton of Zurich
L.F. Grochola, Dr.
C.A. Binkert, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Hirslanden Klinik
Zurich
M. Schiesser, Prof.
United Kingdom6 sites, 6 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
Belfast
D.G. Vass, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Birmingham
R. Sutcliffe, Dr.
H. Mehrzad, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Aintree University Hospital
Liverpool
R. Díaz-Nieto, Dr.
R. Davis
- Not yet recruiting
Kings college Hospital
London
K. Menon, Dr.
P. Peddu, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Oxford
K.V. Udupa
A. MacDonald, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
J.N. Primrose, Prof.
D. Breen
United States5 sites, 5 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois, 60612
M. Dixon, Dr.
B. Arslan, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
D. Kwon, Prof.
S. Gadani, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Yale School of Medicine Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
K. Billingsley, Prof.
D.C. Madoff, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York, 10065
T.P. Kingham, Prof.
F. Riduani, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
P. Starlinger, Dr.
Netherlands5 sites, 5 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC
Amsterdam, North Holland
Joris I Erdmann, Dr.
IJsbrand Zijlstra, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Maxima Medisch Centrum
Eindhoven
Wouter K.G. Leclercq, Dr.
Laurens J. van Baardewijk, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
Groningen
Suomi M.G. Furaschen, Dr.
Reinoud P.H. Bokkers, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum
Leiden
Dries A.E. Braat, Dr.
Mark Burgmans, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+
Maastricht, Limburg, 6229HX
Fenna A van der Zijden, MSc, +31640911632, fenna.van.der.zijden@mumc.nl
Sinead James, MD, +31638463945, sinead.james@mumc.nl
Germany3 sites, 3 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Universitätklinikum Köln
Cologne
C. Bruns, Prof.
A. Bunck, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Universitätklinikum Dresden
Dresden
J. Weitz, Prof.
- Not yet recruiting
Universitätklinikum Hannover
Hanover
M. Schmelzle, Prof.
F. Wacker, Prof.
Austria2 sites, 2 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Medical University of Vienna
Vienna, State of Vienna, 1090
Klaus Kaczirek, Prof. Dr.
Florian Wolf, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Social Center South
Vienna, State of Vienna, 1100
Thomas Gruenberger, Prof.
Irena I. Baclija, Dr.
Sweden2 sites, 2 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
University Hospital Linköping
Linköping
P. Sandström, Prof.
A. Erbahceci Salik, Dr.
- Not yet recruiting
Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm
Stockholm
E. Sparrelid, Dr.
M. Delle, Dr.
Australia1 site, 1 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Monash Medical Center
Melbourne
Diederick de Boo
Daniel Croagh, Dr.
Italy1 site, 1 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
Ospedale San Raffaele
Milan
L.A. Aldrighetti, Prof.
F. De Cobelli, Dr.
Norway1 site, 1 recruiting
- Not yet recruiting
University Hospital Oslo
Oslo
Å. Fretland, Dr.
U. Carling, Dr.
About this study
Official title: The DRAGON PLC Trial - An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) With PVE Alone in Primary Liver Cancers.
The goal of the DRAGON PLC clinical trial is to determine whether portal vein embolization (PVE) combined with hepatic vein embolization (HVE) improves resectability and overall survival in patients with initially unresectable primary liver cancer compared to standard PVE alone. This trial specifically focuses on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
The main questions this trial aims to answer are whether combined PVE and HVE increases the proportion of patients who become resectable within 3 weeks and improves 5-year overall survival compared to PVE alone by enhancing liver hypertrophy.
Read more
Participants will:
- Undergo either standard PVE or combined PVE and HVE.
- Have regular imaging to assess liver resectability.
- Be monitored for survival outcomes up to 5 years after intervention.
Read the detailed description
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Surgical resection is the mainstay for a curative approach as contemporary chemotherapy and immune-based therapies only lead to a median survival of 10-14 months. A complete surgical resection increases the median survival to 42 months (range 32-52 months). However, PLC is mainly diagnosed at an advanced stage and >70% of PLC patients are ineligible for an immediate surgical approach. There are different reasons that make a patient ineligible for surgery, one important reason is the risk of liver failure after the surgery due to a small remnant liver.
This study aims to improve the oncological, radiological and surgical strategy to allow more patients to undergo liver resection safely, to improve quality of life and to extend overall survival at acceptable costs.
Adequate function of the future liver remnant (FLR) is a prerequisite for surgical resectability. This is necessary in order to avoid liver failure after surgery, a major cause of morbidity (38%) and mortality (27%). To mitigate this risk, regenerative strategies based on preoperative calculation of the FLR volume and function are essential. Patients with technically resectable disease but predicted insufficient FLR volume or function are referred to as primarily unresectable or potentially resectable (PU/PR). These patients can undergo strategies that capitalize on the regenerative capacity of the liver which aim to preoperatively increase the FLR volume and function in order to allow surgery. Many of the patients that are primarily unresectable due to an insufficient FLR can become ultimately and safely resectable after the induction of adequate FLR-hypertrophy by the current standard, portal vein embolisation (PVE). However, 25% of patients do not show sufficient FLR growth after PVE and are unable to safely undergo resection. A new approach has been developed to improve this. Combined portal and hepatic vein embolisation (PVE/HVE) has great promise in terms of increasing FLR growth, resection rate (RR), safety and potentially, overall survival. Establishing PVE/HVE as the new standard could result in increased survival and a better quality of life (QoL) for patients.
- Being tested
- Portal Vein Embolization, Hepatic Vein Embolization
- Keywords
- Primary liver cancer, Future Liver Remnant, Liver regeneration, Portal Vein Embolization (PVE), Hepatic Vein Embolization (HVE)
- Medical subject headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Cholangiocarcinoma
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Portal Vein EmbolizationProcedure or surgery
Description: Portal Vein embolization with Glue by a transhepatic approach
Hepatic Vein EmbolizationProcedure or surgery
Hepatic Vein Embolization with Vascular plugs via a transjugular or transfemoral approach in the same session as the PVE procedure
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Portal Vein Embolization (PVE) - control arm | Active comparator | Portal Vein Embolization (PVE) alone Receives: Procedure: Portal Vein Embolization |
| Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) - Interventional arm | Experimental | Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) Receives: Procedure: Portal Vein Embolization; Procedure: Hepatic Vein Embolization |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Resectability 3 weeks after embolisation
The FLR is considered sufficient for resection 3 weeks after embolisation. Definition resectable: Patients are deemed resectable if the FLR is ≥30% in normally functioning livers, ≥40% in livers with potentially impaired function (e.g. resulting from prior systemic therapy or bile duct colonization / transpapillary biliary drainage), or ≥50% in livers with severely impaired function resulting from liver cirrhosis (max. Child Pugh A5) OR for any FLR volume, function on hepatobiliary scintigraphy is > 2.7 %/min/m2
Measured: 3 weeks
Overall survival
survival data will be recorded up to 5-years
Measured: 5 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Apr 2025
- Study start1 Apr 2025
- Primary completion15 Nov 2032 (estimated)
- Study completion15 Nov 2032 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Primary Liver CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- 1:1 Randomization between control and interventional group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 358 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Maastricht University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06914648
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NL87590.0681.24
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 21 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 15 May 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Upon reasonable request
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 May 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The DRAGON PLC Trial - An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) With PVE Alone in Primary Liver Cancers.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06914648
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NL87590.0681.24
- Keywords
- Primary liver cancer, Future Liver Remnant, Liver regeneration, Portal Vein Embolization (PVE), Hepatic Vein Embolization (HVE)
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 358 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Maastricht UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Nov 2032 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 15 Nov 2032 (estimated)
- First posted
- 6 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of the DRAGON PLC clinical trial is to determine whether portal vein embolization (PVE) combined with hepatic vein embolization (HVE) improves resectability and overall survival in patients with initially unresectable primary liver cancer compared to standard PVE alone. This trial specifically focuses on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
The main questions this trial aims to answer are whether combined PVE and HVE increases the proportion of patients who become resectable within 3 weeks and improves 5-year overall survival compared to PVE alone by enhancing liver hypertrophy.
Participants will:
- Undergo either standard PVE or combined PVE and HVE.
- Have regular imaging to assess liver resectability.
- Be monitored for survival outcomes up to 5 years after intervention.
Detailed description
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Surgical resection is the mainstay for a curative approach as contemporary chemotherapy and immune-based therapies only lead to a median survival of 10-14 months. A complete surgical resection increases the median survival to 42 months (range 32-52 months). However, PLC is mainly diagnosed at an advanced stage and >70% of PLC patients are ineligible for an immediate surgical approach. There are different reasons that make a patient ineligible for surgery, one important reason is the risk of liver failure after the surgery due to a small remnant liver.
This study aims to improve the oncological, radiological and surgical strategy to allow more patients to undergo liver resection safely, to improve quality of life and to extend overall survival at acceptable costs.
Adequate function of the future liver remnant (FLR) is a prerequisite for surgical resectability. This is necessary in order to avoid liver failure after surgery, a major cause of morbidity (38%) and mortality (27%). To mitigate this risk, regenerative strategies based on preoperative calculation of the FLR volume and function are essential. Patients with technically resectable disease but predicted insufficient FLR volume or function are referred to as primarily unresectable or potentially resectable (PU/PR). These patients can undergo strategies that capitalize on the regenerative capacity of the liver which aim to preoperatively increase the FLR volume and function in order to allow surgery. Many of the patients that are primarily unresectable due to an insufficient FLR can become ultimately and safely resectable after the induction of adequate FLR-hypertrophy by the current standard, portal vein embolisation (PVE). However, 25% of patients do not show sufficient FLR growth after PVE and are unable to safely undergo resection. A new approach has been developed to improve this. Combined portal and hepatic vein embolisation (PVE/HVE) has great promise in terms of increasing FLR growth, resection rate (RR), safety and potentially, overall survival. Establishing PVE/HVE as the new standard could result in increased survival and a better quality of life (QoL) for patients.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- 1:1 Randomization between control and interventional group
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Portal Vein Embolization (PVE) - control arm | Active comparator | Procedure: Portal Vein EmbolizationPortal Vein Embolization (PVE) alone |
| Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) - Interventional arm | Experimental | Procedure: Portal Vein Embolization, Procedure: Hepatic Vein EmbolizationCombined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- PLC diagnosis, specifically iCCC, pCCC, and HCC;
- Requiring PVE due to an FLR volume is <30% in normally functioning livers, <40% in livers with potentially impaired function e.g. resulting from prior systemic therapy induction or bile duct colonization / transpapillary biliary drainage, or <50% in livers with severely impaired function resulting from liver cirrhosis (max. Child Pugh A5) OR function on hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HEBIS) is < 2.7 %/min/m2;
- Age ≥ 18 years;
- Able to understand the trial and provide informed consent.
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Liver cirrhosis with a Child-Pugh score of B or C;
- Presence of portal hypertension;
- Presence of cholangitis;
- Pregnant women;
- Premenopausal females not able/willing to commit to contraception (specifically long-acting reversible contraception or hormonal contraception);
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Portal Vein EmbolizationDescription: Portal Vein embolization with Glue by a transhepatic approach | Procedure or surgery | Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) - Interventional arm, Portal Vein Embolization (PVE) - control arm |
| Hepatic Vein EmbolizationHepatic Vein Embolization with Vascular plugs via a transjugular or transfemoral approach in the same session as the PVE procedure | Procedure or surgery | Combined Portal and Hepatic Vein Embolization (PVE/HVE) - Interventional arm |
Primary outcome
Resectability 3 weeks after embolisation
Time frame: 3 weeks
The FLR is considered sufficient for resection 3 weeks after embolisation. Definition resectable: Patients are deemed resectable if the FLR is ≥30% in normally functioning livers, ≥40% in livers with potentially impaired function (e.g. resulting from prior systemic therapy or bile duct colonization / transpapillary biliary drainage), or ≥50% in livers with severely impaired function resulting from liver cirrhosis (max. Child Pugh A5) OR for any FLR volume, function on hepatobiliary scintigraphy is > 2.7 %/min/m2
Overall survival
Time frame: 5 years
survival data will be recorded up to 5-years
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 May 2025.
- Related InfoLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Upon reasonable request
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
55 sites in 12 countries: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Portal Vein Embolization and Hepatic Vein Embolization in people with Primary Liver Cancer and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), run by Maastricht University at 55 sites in 12 countries.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 May 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 55 sites in Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and 7 more countries. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Fenna A van der Zijden, MSc Technical Medicine (+31640911632, fenna.van.der.zijden@mumc.nl), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Resectability 3 weeks after embolisation (time frame: 3 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 May 2025.