Parkinson DiseaseNCT06918938
Visuomotor Control in Parkinson Disease
An observational study of Parkinson Disease, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
Trial summary
Visuomotor processing is the ability to integrate visual information into motor plans and movement correction, which is highly required in daily activities such as writing and walking. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Parkinson Disease
- How many people
- 63 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTaiwan
- Study dates
- 19 Jul 2025to 31 Dec 2027
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Participants with PD are idiopathic PD diagnosed by a neurologist, while healthy controls are absent of any neurological disorders.
Who may be able to join
- age above 18
- able to follow the researchers' instructions
- normal or correct-to-normal vision to view a computer screen
Who cannot join
- neurological disorders other than PD
- diagnosed psychological disorders or a tendency of anxiety and/or depression
- a self-history of seizure or a family history of epilepsy
- deep brain stimulation or pacemaker implanted
- unstable cardiovascular diseases or other uncontrolled medical conditions
- pregnant
- surgical history, severe injury, or severe tremor of their upper extremities that can affect their movements in the past 6 months
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Taiwan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy
Taipei, Zhongzheng Dist., 100
Shwu-Fen Wang Director, 886-2-33668156, sfwang@ntu.edu.tw
About this study
Official title: Unraveling Visuomotor Control in Parkinson Disease With and Without Freezing of Gait
Visuomotor processing is the ability to integrate visual information into motor plans and movement correction, which is highly required in daily activities such as writing and walking. As visual impairments have been reported in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), it is likely that those impairments may affect visuomotor processing ability and subsequently impair motor performance. Furthermore, people with PD and freezing of gait (FOG) have exhibited poorer visual perception than those without FOG, yet the differences of visuomotor control have not been well investigated. Additionally, little did the studies apply neurophysiological assessment to investigate the associated neural mechanisms. This study aims to investigate behavioral and neurophysiological differences in visuomotor control among people with PD and FOG (freezers), without FOG (non-freezers), and age-matched healthy controls. Sixty-three participants, 21 freezers, 21 non-freezers, and 21 age-matched healthy controls, will be enrolled in this study. Behavioral assessments, including a manual control task and visual perception tests will be used to evaluate visuomotor and visual perceptual abilities. Neurophysiological correlates, including corticomotor excitability and corticocortical connectivity between V1-M1 and PPC-M1, will be examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is hypothesized that freezers will demonstrate the greatest visuomotor impairments and disrupted corticocortical connectivity compared to non-freezers and controls. By integrating behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes, this study seeks to unravel the mechanisms linking visual and motor impairments to FOG, ultimately providing insights into targeted interventions to improve visuomotor processing and motor performance in PD.
- Conditions
- Parkinson Disease
- Keywords
- Parkinson disease, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Motor control
- Medical subject headings
- Parkinson Disease
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| FOG | Participants with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait | |
| NFOG | Participants with Parkinson disease without freezing of gait | |
| CON | Age-matched healthy adults |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Root-mean square-error
Overall performance accuracy relative to the target waveform, which is the mean difference between the target waveform and the participant's movement trajectory calculated over their actual movement time.
Measured: Day 1
Directional error
The value of the instantaneous component of the hand movement vector, perpendicular to the target trajectory in every sampled time point, which will be calculated and expressed as a percentage of the total movement vector
Measured: Day 1
Squared mean jerk
The squared mean of the jerk of the visuomotor trajectory, which a minor JSM is assumed a major smoothness by better controlling the movement.
Measured: Day 1
Movement time
Total movement time of a trial will be recorded.
Measured: Day 1
Tracking interruption
Frequency and duration of tracking interruptions will be recorded when the participant's cursor exits the target circle.
Measured: Day 1
Secondary outcomes (9)
Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test
A 30-item neuropsychological assessment of visuospatial ability. Participants are required to match 2 angled line portions on the top page to an array of 11 target lines, and the correction rate will be recorded.
Measured: Day 2
Random dot cinematogram
A psychological assessment of visual motor perception. Participants need to distinguish the coherent motion direction, and the correction rate and minimal detectable threshold of coherence will be recorded.
Measured: Day 2
National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25
A 25-item self-reported questionnaire of visual-related activities, which the total score will be recorded.
Measured: Day 2
Purdue Pegboard Test
A behavioral assessment of hand dexterity ability. Participants are instructed to use one or both hands to sequentially move as many pegs into two parallel rows of holes as possible, within a set time limit, and the movement time will be recorded.
Measured: Day 2
Timed Up and Go Test
A behavioral assessment of dynamic balance ability. Participants will be instructed to rise from a chair, walk for 3 meters, turn around, return to the chair, and sit down, and the movement time will be recorded.
Measured: Day 2
Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
A comprehensive scale of Parkinson disease characteristics, including non-motor aspects of experiences of daily living, motor aspects of experiences of daily living, motor examination, and motor complications. Scores of each subscales will be recorded.
Measured: Day 1
New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire
A self-reported questionnaire to evaluate the frequency and severity of freezing of gait in people with PD, which the total score will be recorded.
Measured: Day 1
Cortical excitability
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device (The Magstim Company Ltd, Whitland, UK) will be used to determine the neurophysiology of corticomotor excitability.
Measured: Day 1 and Day 2
Corticocortical connectivity
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device (The Magstim Company Ltd, Whitland, UK) will be used to determine the neurophysiology of corticocortical connectivity.
Measured: Day 1 and Day 2
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Apr 2025
- Study start19 Jul 2025
- Primary completion31 Jul 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Parkinson DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by National Taiwan University HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 63 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, Principal investigator, National Taiwan University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06918938
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 202502008RINB
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 27 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 17 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Inzelberg R, Schechtman E, Hocherman S. Visuo-motor coordination deficits and motor impairments in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3663. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003663. Epub 2008 Nov 6.
PubMed 18987752Palomar FJ, Conde V, Carrillo F, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Koch G, Mir P. Parieto-motor functional connectivity is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul. 2013 Mar;6(2):147-54. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.017. Epub 2012 Apr 15.
PubMed 22537863
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Unraveling Visuomotor Control in Parkinson Disease With and Without Freezing of Gait
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06918938
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 202502008RINB
- Conditions
- Parkinson Disease
- Keywords
- Parkinson disease, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Motor control
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 63 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- National Taiwan University HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 19 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 9 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Visuomotor processing is the ability to integrate visual information into motor plans and movement correction, which is highly required in daily activities such as writing and walking. As visual impairments have been reported in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), it is likely that those impairments may affect visuomotor processing ability and subsequently impair motor performance. Furthermore, people with PD and freezing of gait (FOG) have exhibited poorer visual perception than those without FOG, yet the differences of visuomotor control have not been well investigated. Additionally, little did the studies apply neurophysiological assessment to investigate the associated neural mechanisms. This study aims to investigate behavioral and neurophysiological differences in visuomotor control among people with PD and FOG (freezers), without FOG (non-freezers), and age-matched healthy controls. Sixty-three participants, 21 freezers, 21 non-freezers, and 21 age-matched healthy controls, will be enrolled in this study. Behavioral assessments, including a manual control task and visual perception tests will be used to evaluate visuomotor and visual perceptual abilities. Neurophysiological correlates, including corticomotor excitability and corticocortical connectivity between V1-M1 and PPC-M1, will be examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is hypothesized that freezers will demonstrate the greatest visuomotor impairments and disrupted corticocortical connectivity compared to non-freezers and controls. By integrating behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes, this study seeks to unravel the mechanisms linking visual and motor impairments to FOG, ultimately providing insights into targeted interventions to improve visuomotor processing and motor performance in PD.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| FOG | – | –Participants with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait |
| NFOG | – | –Participants with Parkinson disease without freezing of gait |
| CON | – | –Age-matched healthy adults |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Participants with PD are idiopathic PD diagnosed by a neurologist, while healthy controls are absent of any neurological disorders.
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- age above 18
- able to follow the researchers' instructions
- normal or correct-to-normal vision to view a computer screen
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- neurological disorders other than PD
- diagnosed psychological disorders or a tendency of anxiety and/or depression
- a self-history of seizure or a family history of epilepsy
- deep brain stimulation or pacemaker implanted
- unstable cardiovascular diseases or other uncontrolled medical conditions
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Root-mean square-error
Time frame: Day 1
Overall performance accuracy relative to the target waveform, which is the mean difference between the target waveform and the participant's movement trajectory calculated over their actual movement time.
Directional error
Time frame: Day 1
The value of the instantaneous component of the hand movement vector, perpendicular to the target trajectory in every sampled time point, which will be calculated and expressed as a percentage of the total movement vector
Squared mean jerk
Time frame: Day 1
The squared mean of the jerk of the visuomotor trajectory, which a minor JSM is assumed a major smoothness by better controlling the movement.
Movement time
Time frame: Day 1
Total movement time of a trial will be recorded.
Tracking interruption
Time frame: Day 1
Frequency and duration of tracking interruptions will be recorded when the participant's cursor exits the target circle.
9 secondary outcomes
Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test
Time frame: Day 2
Random dot cinematogram
Time frame: Day 2
National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25
Time frame: Day 2
Purdue Pegboard Test
Time frame: Day 2
Timed Up and Go Test
Time frame: Day 2
Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
Time frame: Day 1
New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire
Time frame: Day 1
Cortical excitability
Time frame: Day 1 and Day 2
Corticocortical connectivity
Time frame: Day 1 and Day 2
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Sep 2026.
- Results publication: PubMed 18987752Inzelberg R, Schechtman E, Hocherman S. Visuo-motor coordination deficits and motor impairments in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3663. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003663. Epub 2008 Nov 6.
- Results publication: PubMed 22537863Palomar FJ, Conde V, Carrillo F, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Koch G, Mir P. Parieto-motor functional connectivity is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul. 2013 Mar;6(2):147-54. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.017. Epub 2012 Apr 15.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy principal investigator
National Taiwan University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Parkinson Disease, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Ya-Yun Lee, PhD (+886-2-33668155, yayunlee@ntu.edu.tw), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Root-mean square-error (time frame: Day 1). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06918938, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Sep 2026.