Effects of Corrective Exercises in Adolescent Fencers

This randomized controlled single-blind study investigates the effects of an 8-week Functional Corrective Training (FCT) program on trunk muscle endurance, jump performance, and reaction time in adolescent fencers.

Background and Rationale:

Fencing is a dynamic sport that demands high levels of coordination, agility, strength, and cognitive processing. Due to its asymmetric and high-intensity nature, fencing may lead to movement pattern deficiencies, postural imbalances, and a higher risk of overuse injuries, particularly during adolescence-a critical period for neuromuscular development. Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a validated tool used to identify these deficiencies, and Functional Corrective Training exercises based on FMS results aim to improve fundamental movement patterns, mobility, and stability.

While prior studies have demonstrated the positive effects of FCT on FMS scores and injury prevention, there is limited and inconsistent evidence on its impact on athletic performance. This study is the first to explore the efficacy of FCT on posture and performance in adolescent fencers, a population with unique sport-specific movement demands.

Study Design and Procedures:

Participants aged 10-19 years, with at least three years of fencing experience and no current pain or recent injury, were randomly assigned to either the FCT group or the control group. Randomization was performed using SPSS software. The intervention group received an individualized 8-week FCT program designed using the FMS Pro 360 software based on each participant's FMS results. The program progressed weekly and was applied under supervision (3 sessions/week) and as a home-based program (3 sessions/week). The control group continued their standard fencing training without additional corrective exercises.

Assessments were conducted at baseline and after the 8-week intervention by two physiotherapists blinded to group allocation. Primary outcome measures included trunk endurance (McGill tests), jump performance (CMJ and SLJ using OptoJump), and reaction time (via optical stimulus response). FMS scores were also evaluated to assess changes in movement patterns.

Data Quality and Management Procedures:

All data were entered into an anonymized electronic database and cross-verified by two independent researchers.

Range and consistency checks were applied to each entry point to ensure data validity.

Source data verification was performed for 20% of participants by comparing the collected data with original forms and digital measurements (OptoJump system output).

A data dictionary was prepared including definitions, coding methods, and measurement units for all variables.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were followed for data collection, storage, participant follow-up, and adverse event reporting.

Participants were instructed and monitored by certified physiotherapists throughout the program. Compliance with home programs was supervised by club trainers, and adherence was documented weekly.

Sample Size and Statistical Analysis:

The study began with 32 participants (n=16 per group). Following attrition, 22 participants (n=11 per group) completed the study. While no formal power analysis was conducted due to the pilot nature of the study, the sample size was deemed adequate to observe preliminary effects.

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic data. Normality of data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, histograms, and Q-Q plots. Between-group comparisons were made using independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test depending on data distribution. Within-group changes were evaluated with paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Handling of Missing Data:

Participants with incomplete assessments or missing post-intervention data were excluded from the final analysis. No data imputation was performed. All analyses were conducted on a per-protocol basis.

Safety and Monitoring:

No adverse events related to the intervention were reported. All exercises were performed under professional supervision, and participants were instructed to report any discomfort or issues during sessions.

This study aims to provide new insights into how individualized corrective exercise programs can enhance postural control, muscular endurance, and performance in young athletes, potentially offering a preventive and performance-enhancing strategy for youth sport training.