Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercise Combined With Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Subacute Stroke

Description: The following characteristics will be collected during the personal interview:(15,16)

• Sociodemographic data: sex, age, nationality, employment status.
• Toxic habits: information on smoking habits.
• Medical history.
• Medication use.
• Information on the stroke: time elapsed, type, affected region.
• Rehabilitation process: type, disciplines involved, weekly duration, technical aids.

Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) will be recorded. Weight and height will be measured without shoes and without clothing that significantly increases weight and is easy to remove. Participants must also remove any items they may carry in their pockets that increase their weight (e.g., keys, cell phone, or wallet). BMI will be calculated using the formula BMI = weight (kg) / height (m2).

It will be assessed through the motricity index (MI). It is an ordinal method for measuring motor function and limb strength developed by Demeurisse et al. in 1980. It assesses the following movements: digital pinch between the thumb and index finger, elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, ankle dorsiflexion, knee extension, and hip flexion. It has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum of 100, with each test being given a value between 0 and 33. All tests are performed with the patient in a sitting position.

The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) assesses mobility, balance, gait ability, and fall risk. The test begins with the patient seated in a chair with their back against the backrest. Upon command from the therapist, the patient must rise from the chair, walk three meters as quickly as possible to a marker (e.g., a cone), turn around the marker, return to the chair, and sit down. Timing begins upon the therapist's command to rise and ends when the patient is seated again. One attempt will be performed, accompanied by a practice pretest that will not be included in the score. For the stroke population, it has a minimum detectable change of 2.9 seconds and excellent test-retest reliability and criterion- and construct-related validity.

It will be assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which is an objective 14-item measure that evaluates static balance and the risk of falling in adults. The items that comprise it include static and dynamic activities of varying difficulty. The scores for each item range from 0 to 4, depending on the execution of the activity evaluated. Finally, the scores for all items are summed (maximum score = 56). The Berg scale has been frequently used in other studies with stroke samples, since it is associated with quality of life, and is sensitive (80%) and specific (78%) in identifying subjects at risk of falling after a stroke. In addition, it has excellent test-retest reliability, inter- and intra-rater reliability, internal consistency, criterion validity, and construct validity in the stroke population.

The Five Times Sit to Stand test (5TSTS) provides a method for quantifying functional lower extremity strength and identifying movement strategies that a patient uses to complete a transfer. The test begins with the patient sitting in a chair, arms crossed over the chest and back against the backrest. At the therapist's command, the patient must rise from the chair and return to sitting for five repetitions, as quickly as possible. Timing ends when the patient reaches the sitting position after the last repetition. An attempt will be made, accompanied by a pre-test practice that will not be included in the score. Failure to complete the five repetitions without assistance or use of the upper extremities indicates test failure. The test has a cutoff point of 12 seconds to discriminate between healthy subjects, the elderly, and those with chronic stroke.

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) provides a uniform system for measuring disability based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It measures a patient's level of disability and indicates the amount of assistance required to perform ADLs. Tasks are rated on a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from full assistance (or total dependence) to complete independence. Scores range from 18 (lowest) to 126 (highest), indicating the level of function. It contains 18 items, comprised of 13 motor tasks and five cognitive tasks. This scale has an MCID of 22 points in stroke subjects and exhibits excellent internal consistency and criterion validity, adequate construct validity, minimal ceiling and floor effects, and high sensitivity in stroke patients.

The Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) assesses the patient's dependence for functional gait. The evaluator must check one of the following six boxes:

1. The patient is unable to walk or requires assistance from two or more people.
2. The patient requires firm, continuous support from a person to assist with weight bearing and balance.
3. The patient requires continuous or intermittent support from a person to assist with balance and coordination.
4. The patient requires verbal supervision or assistance from a person without physical contact.
5. The patient can walk independently on level ground but requires assistance on stairs, slopes, or uneven surfaces.
6. The patient can walk independently anywhere. A difference greater than four points in stroke patients has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 78% in predicting community ambulation at six months. It also presents excellent test-retest reliability values and both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability.

Pulmonary volumes and flows will be obtained by forced spirometry, which consists of a maximum deep inspiration followed by a forced and sustained expiration through a spirometer. Additionally, another maximum inspiration will be performed at the end of the maneuver to obtain an inspiratory branch in the graph resulting from the test, as a quality criterion. The patient will remain seated during the test and will use a nose clip while executing the maneuvers. Forced spirometry will be performed following the recommendations of the ATS and ERS, and using a Datospir Aira spirometer (Sibelmed®, Barcelona, Spain). A minimum of three technically acceptable maneuvers will be obtained, with two being reproducible (<150 ml or <5% forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) difference). FVC and FEV1 will be recorded. FVC and FEV1 will be combined to report FEV1/FVC.

Pulmonary volumes and flows will be obtained by forced spirometry. Forced spirometry will be performed following the recommendations of the ATS and ERS, and using a Datospir Aira spirometer (Sibelmed®, Barcelona, Spain). Peak expiratory flow (PEF) will be obtained.

Pulmonary volumes and flows will be obtained by forced spirometry. Forced spirometry will be performed following the recommendations of the ATS and ERS, and using a Datospir Aira spirometer (Sibelmed®, Barcelona, Spain). Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF25-75%) will be obtained.

Respiratory muscle strength will be obtained from the MEP and MIP. The recommendations of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) will be followed. The measures will be determined using a pressure transducer with a diving-type mouthpiece, and the patient will perform the maneuvers in a sitting position with a nose clip. Forced and maximum expiration and inspiration will be performed, respectively, for three to five seconds, trying to maintain a constant force against the resistance offered by the device. The MicroRPM® Carefusion device (Vyaire Medical GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany) will be used, connected to the PUMA® software (Vyaire Medical GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany). A minimum of six maneuvers will be performed (out of a maximum of ten), with the goal of obtaining three technically correct, reproducible maneuvers with a variation of less than 5%.

It will be measured using a portable peak cough flow (PCF) meter connected to an orofacial mask (to prevent potential air leaks in the presence of mild facial paralysis), designed to quantify the maximum air flow expelled during a forced cough. This procedure evaluates the effectiveness of coughing in clearing secretions from the airways and is especially relevant in patients with neuromuscular or respiratory conditions. The patients will perform the maneuver in a seated position. They will be instructed to take a maximum inspiration from total lung capacity, after which they will adjust the orofacial mask around their mouth and cough forcefully. The device records the maximum air flow generated during the cough, expressed in liters per minute (L/min). Three attempts will be made, and the highest value will be recorded.

The Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) is a bedside dysphagia screening tool for patients with acute stroke. It assesses the severity of dysphagia as well as the level of aspiration. It evaluates the ability to swallow saliva, semisolid, liquid, and solid textures. It also notes the presence of a cough or throat clearing at rest, as well as changes in voice. Oxygen saturation is monitored using a pulse oximeter during the test. Several studies have reported that the GUSS has a sensitivity of approximately 100% and a specificity of 50% to 69%.

The Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QoL) is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess quality of life in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. It consists of 44 items divided into 11 different domains. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Each item is weighted and summed to obtain an overall score (0-100), with a lower score indicating poorer swallowing-related quality of life.

Perceptual auditory assessment is the gold standard for defining voice disorders and providing an immediate measure of voice severity. PRAAT is a freely distributed program widely used in clinical practice. This program performs an acoustic analysis of the voice, providing objective information. It analyzes the average fundamental frequency, intensity, and all its variations. It provides disturbance indices and irregularity and noise measurements, which are used to analyze the harmonic component and emission regulation. The sample recording should be made at a frequency of 20,000 hertz (Hz), with ambient noise less than 50 decibels (dB), and the microphone should be placed at a distance of 10 centimeters, at an angle of 45° to 90°. Each patient is recorded saying a simple sentence at a comfortable pitch and intensity, recording three attempts to assess whether there is variability in vocal quality, one slightly more intense attempt to assess possible changes in quality.

The GRABS scale is the most reliable and widely used scale for the perceptual assessment of vocal quality. It consists of five parameters and four categories based on the severity of the disorder. These parameters are: G (grade), which assesses the overall degree of vocal disorder, dysphonia, or hoarseness; R (roughness), which assesses hoarseness and harshness; A (asthenic), which assesses the degree of asthenia and fatigue in the voice; B (breathy), which assesses a voice that is airy, muffled, or breathy; and S (strain), which assesses a tense, spastic, and constricted voice. Scores range from 0 to 3, with 0 being normal, 1 being mild, 2 being moderate, and 3 being severe. This scale has been validated and used in several studies and exhibits high diagnostic quality. It is a non-invasive test that is easy to use, requires no training for its application and does not require a high cost. The sample is collected through conversational speech heard during the interview.

Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) consists of producing the vowel /a/ at a comfortable intensity and pitch for as long as possible. A prior demonstration is required. Three attempts are made, selecting the longest one to compare with the standard. If the value obtained is less than ten seconds, it would indicate abnormal respiratory function, poor glottal closure, or exaggerated glottal closure.

Maximum blow time (MBT) allows the relationship between phonation and expiration to be analyzed through the so-called s/z ratio.

The s/z ratio or phonorespiratory coefficient is the result of dividing the maximum emission time of a consonant /s/ by the maximum phonation time of an /a/, with the purpose of relating pulmonary and laryngeal function. Under normal circumstances, it should be approximately 1. When glottal efficiency is impaired, high values are obtained, with 1.4 being the normal limit.

The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) will be used. This scale measures the severity of symptoms associated with a stroke, is used as a quantitative measure of neurological deficit and has good psychometric properties. Item 10, dedicated to dysarthria, will be recorded: a speech sample is obtained from the patient, asking them to read or repeat a series of words. It will be scored as follows: 0 = normal; 1 = mild to moderate dysarthria (can be understood with some difficulty); 2 = severe dysarthria (unintelligible or anarthria); 9 = unverifiable, if the patient is intubated or has other physical barriers to speech production (the justification for this choice must be given).

The Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale determines the severity of shortness of breath during everyday activities, classified into 5 grades:

1. No dyspnea, except with intense exercise.
2. Dyspnea when walking briskly or climbing a gentle slope.
3. Difficulty maintaining a pace when walking on level ground or keeping pace with other people of the same age.
4. Need to stop after walking 100 meters or a few minutes.
5. Severe dyspnea resulting in inability to leave the house or dress without assistance.

This scale is recommended by various clinical practice guidelines and is used as an inclusion criterion for clinical trials.

The Modified Borg Scale measures self-rated exertion, as determined by dyspnea and fatigue, during physical activity. It has the potential to provide rapid and easy information on a patient's subjective state of dyspnea and fatigue. It has 11 levels, from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). It is a valid and reliable assessment tool for dyspnea.

They will be recorded through an interview and review of medical history. The following situations are understood to be respiratory complications: hospital admissions for respiratory reasons, emergency room visits for respiratory reasons, and/or lung infections requiring medication.

The Stroke Impact Scale (SIS-16) assesses physical function after stroke. The SIS-16 consists of 16 items from the four physical domains (strength, hand function, mobility, and ADL/instrumental ADL) of the SIS 3.0. It has an MCID of 9.4-14.1 for subacute stroke and excellent test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and criterion- and construct-related validity.