Mental FatigueNCT06952283
Music Intervention on Golfers Under Mental Fatigue
A study testing Inducing mental fatigue and Music intervention in people with Mental Fatigue, run by Pan Xiaoyang at 1 site in Malaysia.
Trial summary
This study aims to evaluate the effects of music intervention on golf-specific skill performance under mental fatigue. It is a randomised, controlled, double-blind design. The study consists of three main phases: familiarisation with the experimental procedure, baseline testing, and the formal experiment. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 24 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mental Fatigue
- What is being tested?
- Inducing mental fatigue and Music intervention
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteMalaysia
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2025to 1 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 24 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Athletes must be between 18 and 24 years old.
- Be registered golfers in the National Colleges and Universities Golf Championship.
- Have at least three years of specialised golf training.
- Engage in at least five weekly training sessions.
Who cannot join
- Colour blindness.
- Hearing loss.
- Insomnia.
- Physical injuries.
- Ongoing mental health issues.
- The use of any medication that might influence cognitive.
- The use of any medication that might influence physical performance.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Malaysia1 site
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang, Selangor, 43400
Kim Geok Soh, Prof. Dr., 03-97698153, kims@upm.edu.my
Xiaoyang Pan, PhD Candidate
About this study
Official title: Effects of Music Intervention on Golf-Specific Skill Performance of Chinese Golfers Under Mental Fatigue
This study aims to evaluate the effects of music intervention on golf-specific skill performance under mental fatigue. It is a randomised, controlled, double-blind design. The study consists of three main phases: familiarisation with the experimental procedure, baseline testing, and the formal experiment. During the formal experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: (MF-Mu Group) Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task followed by a music intervention; (MF-nMu Group) Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task but do not receive a music intervention; (CON Group) Participants neither undergo a mental fatigue induction task nor receive a music intervention. The total intervention duration is 45 minutes, consisting of 30 minutes of mental fatigue induction and 15 minutes of music intervention. In conditions where mental fatigue induction or music intervention is not conducted, participants will remain in the same experimental environment and rest quietly for the same duration to control for external confounding factors and ensure experimental consistency. Immediately after the intervention, participants will complete golf skill testing, with the testing site located within a 2 minutes walking distance from the intervention area. Performance outcomes include driving performance, iron shot performance, chipping performance, and putting performance.
- Conditions
- Mental Fatigue
- Being tested
- Inducing mental fatigue, Music intervention
- Keywords
- lack of energy, feelings of tiredness, decreased attention, impaired cognitive, impaired behavioral performance
- Medical subject headings
- Mental Fatigue, Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Inducing mental fatigueBehavioural
During the mental fatigue induction phase, a 30-minute Stroop task will artificially induce mental fatigue, simulating the mental fatigue state that athletes experience during competitions or training sessions. The Stroop task is a classic cognitive control task widely used for inducing mental fatigue. Research in sports science has shown that a 30-minute Stroop task significantly increases subjective fatigue and reduces physical performance. This study will use a smartphone-based version of the Stroop task (with brightness and touch sensitivity standardised), where colour words (such as "red" and "blue") are displayed continuously, but the font colour does not match the word's meaning. Participants must ignore the word's meaning and respond only based on the font colour. The Stroop task requires sustained attention, conflict resolution, and cognitive inhibition, leading to cognitive resource depletion and mental fatigue accumulation.
Music interventionBehavioural
During the music intervention phase, participants will listen to 15 minutes of classical music to facilitate mental fatigue recovery. This study selects Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik as the intervention music, a piece that has been applied in previous mental fatigue recovery studies and has been validated as an effective intervention. The intervention duration is set at 15 minutes, as multiple studies have confirmed this duration to be sufficient to produce recovery effects without causing additional cognitive load or auditory fatigue. The music will be played through a smartphone, with the intervention volume controlled at 50-60 dBA. Considering that the maximum volume of a smartphone is approximately 105-113 dBA, the standardised intervention volume is set at 50% (52.5-56.5 dBA) of the smartphone's maximum volume to ensure consistency among all participants.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| MF-Mu Group | Experimental | MF-Mu Group: Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task followed by a music intervention Receives: Behavioral: Inducing mental fatigue; Behavioral: Music intervention |
| MF-nMu Group | Active comparator | MF-nMu Group: Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task but do not receive a music intervention Receives: Behavioral: Inducing mental fatigue |
| CON Group | No intervention | CON Group: Participants neither undergo a mental fatigue induction task nor receive a music intervention |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
The change in golf driving accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The golf driving performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The target is located 210 yards from the hitting area, and expands outward at an angle, widening to approximately 20 yards additional space on either side. Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in golf driving shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The driving shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in iron shot accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The 150 yards iron shot performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The distance to the target is 150 yards. The Target Zone is a rectangle positioned 150 yards away, measuring 20 yards wide and 30 yards deep (15 yards before and 15 yards after the 150-yard line). Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the driving test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in iron shot shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The iron shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the driving test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in chipping accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The 30 yards chipping performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The distance to the target is 30 yards. The Target Zone is a circular area with a 3-yard radius around the hole. Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the iron test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in chipping shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The chipping shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the iron test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in putting accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The putting performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy . Participants perform putts of two different distances from the Ball-striking Zone. A successful putt is defined as either holing the ball (for the 1.5-yard putt) or stopping the ball within the 1-yard radius Target Zone (for the 7-yard putt). A total of 10 shots (5 1.5-yard putt and 5 7-yard putt) are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the chipping test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The change in putting shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
The putting shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the chipping test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
Mental fatigue
The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assesses participants' subjective perception of mental fatigue. The scoring is based on a 100 mm linear scale, where participants mark a point between 0 (none at all) and 100 (extremely intense) to describe their current level of mental fatigue.
Measured: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
Secondary outcomes (4)
Immersive Tendency
The Immersive Tendency Questionnaire (ITQ) assesses participants' degree of immersion in the virtual environment (music). This questionnaire consists of 18 items categorised into four factors: immersive tendency, individual alertness, physical state, and attention-shifting ability. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Measured: Baseline (about 1 minute).
Motivation
The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assesses participants' subjective perception of motivation levels. The scoring is based on a 100 mm linear scale, where participants mark a point between 0 (none at all) and 100 (extremely intense) to describe their current level of motivation.
Measured: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
Sport Anxiety
The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) assesses participants' trait sport anxiety levels. This scale consists of 15 items categorised into three factors: somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so).
Measured: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 1 minute per test).
Rating Perception of Effort
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (Borg RPE) assesses individuals' subjective effort levels. This scale employs a 15-level scoring system, ranging from 6 (extremely easy) to 20 (extremely strenuous), to reflect athletes' subjective perception of workload intensity during testing or competition.
Measured: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Apr 2025
- Study start1 Sep 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (59)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Mental FatigueStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Pan Xiaoyang
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Pan Xiaoyang, Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Investigators
- Kim Geok Soh, Prof. Dr., Study director, Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06952283
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HUSOM2025-066
- Status last verified
- Apr 2025
- First submitted
- 9 Apr 2025
- Last updated
- 30 Apr 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: There are currently no plans to share IPD, although this may be reconsidered in the future depending on data privacy safeguards, participant consent, and availability of secure sharing platforms.
Publications
Abbasi M, Esmaeili R, Pourabdian S, Shakerian M. Exploring the influence of music on cognitive performance in female assembly line workers at a medical device manufacturing unit. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 23;19(10):e0309555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309555. eCollection 2024.
PubMed 39441850Arenales Arauz YL, Habay J, Ocvirk T, Mali A, Russell S, Marusic U, De Pauw K, Roelands B. The interplay of brain neurotransmission and mental fatigue: A research protocol. PLoS One. 2024 Sep 10;19(9):e0310271. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310271. eCollection 2024.
PubMed 39255295Axelsen JL, Kirk U, Staiano W. On-the-spot binaural beats and mindfulness reduces the effect of mental fatigue. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2020 Mar;4(1):31-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-019-00162-3
Azevedo R, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Gualano B, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Dec;116(11-12):2293-2303. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3483-y. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
PubMed 27695980Bhandarkar S, Salvi BV, Shende P. Current scenario and potential of music therapy in the management of diseases. Behav Brain Res. 2024 Feb 26;458:114750. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114750. Epub 2023 Nov 8.
PubMed 37944563Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377-81.
PubMed 7154893Cao S, Geok SK, Roslan S, Sun H, Lam SK, Qian S. Mental Fatigue and Basketball Performance: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2022 Jan 10;12:819081. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.819081. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 35082736Caparros-Gonzalez RA, de la Torre-Luque A, Diaz-Piedra C, Vico FJ, Buela-Casal G. Listening to Relaxing Music Improves Physiological Responses in Premature Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Adv Neonatal Care. 2018 Feb;18(1):58-69. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000448.
PubMed 29045255Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gotzsche PC, Krleza-Jeric K, Hrobjartsson A, Mann H, Dickersin K, Berlin JA, Dore CJ, Parulekar WR, Summerskill WS, Groves T, Schulz KF, Sox HC, Rockhold FW, Rennie D, Moher D. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Feb 5;158(3):200-7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583.
PubMed 23295957Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Gotzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, Dickersin K, Hrobjartsson A, Schulz KF, Parulekar WR, Krleza-Jeric K, Laupacis A, Moher D. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013 Jan 8;346:e7586. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7586.
PubMed 23303884Colin C, Prince V, Bensoussan JL, Picot MC. Music therapy for health workers to reduce stress, mental workload and anxiety: a systematic review. J Public Health (Oxf). 2023 Aug 28;45(3):e532-e541. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad059.
PubMed 37147921Cosmo BG, de Menezes Vervloet G, Rocha JP, Klein MP, dos Santos Silva R, Campos VR. Music therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer's disease: an integrative review. Rev Med (São Paulo). 2022 Sep;101(5):197832. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v101i5e-197832
Ding C, Kim Geok S, Sun H, Roslan S, Cao S, Zhao Y. Does music counteract mental fatigue? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2025 Jan 3;20(1):e0316252. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0316252. eCollection 2025.
PubMed 39752412Du YJ, Guan YH, Thome KT, Dong JC. Music Therapy and Music Intervention for NSCLC Patients Undergoing PET with Fear of Cancer Recurrence. Integr Cancer Ther. 2024 Jan-Dec;23:15347354241269898. doi: 10.1177/15347354241269898.
PubMed 39135426Englert C, Bertrams AG. Active relaxation counteracts the effects of ego depletion on performance under evaluative pressure in a state of ego depletion. Sportwissenschaft. 2016;46(2):110-5. https://doi.org/110-115. 10.1007/s12662-015-0383-y
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Apr 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Music Intervention on Golf-Specific Skill Performance of Chinese Golfers Under Mental Fatigue
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06952283
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HUSOM2025-066
- Conditions
- Mental Fatigue
- Keywords
- lack of energy, feelings of tiredness, decreased attention, impaired cognitive, impaired behavioral performance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Pan XiaoyangUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2025 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 30 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to evaluate the effects of music intervention on golf-specific skill performance under mental fatigue. It is a randomised, controlled, double-blind design. The study consists of three main phases: familiarisation with the experimental procedure, baseline testing, and the formal experiment. During the formal experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: (MF-Mu Group) Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task followed by a music intervention; (MF-nMu Group) Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task but do not receive a music intervention; (CON Group) Participants neither undergo a mental fatigue induction task nor receive a music intervention. The total intervention duration is 45 minutes, consisting of 30 minutes of mental fatigue induction and 15 minutes of music intervention. In conditions where mental fatigue induction or music intervention is not conducted, participants will remain in the same experimental environment and rest quietly for the same duration to control for external confounding factors and ensure experimental consistency. Immediately after the intervention, participants will complete golf skill testing, with the testing site located within a 2 minutes walking distance from the intervention area. Performance outcomes include driving performance, iron shot performance, chipping performance, and putting performance.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| MF-Mu Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Inducing mental fatigue, Behavioral: Music interventionMF-Mu Group: Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task followed by a music intervention |
| MF-nMu Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Inducing mental fatigueMF-nMu Group: Participants undergo a mental fatigue induction task but do not receive a music intervention |
| CON Group | No intervention | –CON Group: Participants neither undergo a mental fatigue induction task nor receive a music intervention |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 24 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Athletes must be between 18 and 24 years old.
- Be registered golfers in the National Colleges and Universities Golf Championship.
- Have at least three years of specialised golf training.
- Engage in at least five weekly training sessions.
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Colour blindness.
- Hearing loss.
- Insomnia.
- Physical injuries.
- Ongoing mental health issues.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Inducing mental fatigueDuring the mental fatigue induction phase, a 30-minute Stroop task will artificially induce mental fatigue, simulating the mental fatigue state that athletes experience during competitions or training sessions. The Stroop task is a classic cognitive control task widely used for inducing mental fatigue. Research in sports science has shown that a 30-minute Stroop task significantly increases subjective fatigue and reduces physical performance. This study will use a smartphone-based version of the Stroop task (with brightness and touch sensitivity standardised), where colour words (such as "red" and "blue") are displayed continuously, but the font colour does not match the word's meaning. Participants must ignore the word's meaning and respond only based on the font colour. The Stroop task requires sustained attention, conflict resolution, and cognitive inhibition, leading to cognitive resource depletion and mental fatigue accumulation. | Behavioural | MF-Mu Group, MF-nMu Group |
| Music interventionDuring the music intervention phase, participants will listen to 15 minutes of classical music to facilitate mental fatigue recovery. This study selects Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik as the intervention music, a piece that has been applied in previous mental fatigue recovery studies and has been validated as an effective intervention. The intervention duration is set at 15 minutes, as multiple studies have confirmed this duration to be sufficient to produce recovery effects without causing additional cognitive load or auditory fatigue. The music will be played through a smartphone, with the intervention volume controlled at 50-60 dBA. Considering that the maximum volume of a smartphone is approximately 105-113 dBA, the standardised intervention volume is set at 50% (52.5-56.5 dBA) of the smartphone's maximum volume to ensure consistency among all participants. | Behavioural | MF-Mu Group |
Primary outcome
The change in golf driving accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The golf driving performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The target is located 210 yards from the hitting area, and expands outward at an angle, widening to approximately 20 yards additional space on either side. Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in golf driving shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The driving shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in iron shot accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the driving test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The 150 yards iron shot performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The distance to the target is 150 yards. The Target Zone is a rectangle positioned 150 yards away, measuring 20 yards wide and 30 yards deep (15 yards before and 15 yards after the 150-yard line). Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in iron shot shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the driving test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The iron shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in chipping accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the iron test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The 30 yards chipping performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy. The distance to the target is 30 yards. The Target Zone is a circular area with a 3-yard radius around the hole. Accuracy is determined by the number of balls landing in the designated target area. A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in chipping shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the iron test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The chipping shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in putting accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the chipping test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The putting performance test follows the Golf Skill Level Standards and Testing Methods issued by the China Golf Association, assessing accuracy . Participants perform putts of two different distances from the Ball-striking Zone. A successful putt is defined as either holing the ball (for the 1.5-yard putt) or stopping the ball within the 1-yard radius Target Zone (for the 7-yard putt). A total of 10 shots (5 1.5-yard putt and 5 7-yard putt) are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
The change in putting shot quality after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (after the chipping test) (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).
The putting shot quality is evaluated based on the golfer's subjective feedback after each shot, responding to the question: "Do you think this shot was solid?" Responses are recorded as "Yes" (solid contact) or "No" (poor contact). A total of 10 shots are performed, with 1 point awarded per successful shot, resulting in a score range of 1 to 10 points.
Mental fatigue
Time frame: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assesses participants' subjective perception of mental fatigue. The scoring is based on a 100 mm linear scale, where participants mark a point between 0 (none at all) and 100 (extremely intense) to describe their current level of mental fatigue.
4 secondary outcomes
Immersive Tendency
Time frame: Baseline (about 1 minute).
Motivation
Time frame: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
Sport Anxiety
Time frame: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 1 minute per test).
Rating Perception of Effort
Time frame: Baseline, before mental fatigue induction, immediately after mental fatigue induction, and immediately after the music intervention (about 30 seconds per test).
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Apr 2025.
- Background: PubMed 39441850Abbasi M, Esmaeili R, Pourabdian S, Shakerian M. Exploring the influence of music on cognitive performance in female assembly line workers at a medical device manufacturing unit. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 23;19(10):e0309555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309555. eCollection 2024.
- Background: PubMed 39255295Arenales Arauz YL, Habay J, Ocvirk T, Mali A, Russell S, Marusic U, De Pauw K, Roelands B. The interplay of brain neurotransmission and mental fatigue: A research protocol. PLoS One. 2024 Sep 10;19(9):e0310271. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310271. eCollection 2024.
- BackgroundAxelsen JL, Kirk U, Staiano W. On-the-spot binaural beats and mindfulness reduces the effect of mental fatigue. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2020 Mar;4(1):31-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-019-00162-3
- Background: PubMed 27695980Azevedo R, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Gualano B, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Dec;116(11-12):2293-2303. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3483-y. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
- Background: PubMed 37944563Bhandarkar S, Salvi BV, Shende P. Current scenario and potential of music therapy in the management of diseases. Behav Brain Res. 2024 Feb 26;458:114750. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114750. Epub 2023 Nov 8.
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- Background: PubMed 29045255Caparros-Gonzalez RA, de la Torre-Luque A, Diaz-Piedra C, Vico FJ, Buela-Casal G. Listening to Relaxing Music Improves Physiological Responses in Premature Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Adv Neonatal Care. 2018 Feb;18(1):58-69. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000448.
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- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. There are currently no plans to share IPD, although this may be reconsidered in the future depending on data privacy safeguards, participant consent, and availability of secure sharing platforms.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Kim Geok Soh, Prof. Dr. study director
Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Inducing mental fatigue and Music intervention in people with Mental Fatigue, run by Pan Xiaoyang at 1 site in Malaysia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Apr 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Malaysia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Xiaoyang Pan, PhD Candidate (086-15982835727, panxiaoyang.mark@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
The change in golf driving accuracy after music intervention compared to performance under mental fatigue. (time frame: Baseline and immediately after the music intervention (No more than 40 seconds per shot, with a total duration of about 5 minutes).). The study lists 9 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06952283, which also lists 59 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Apr 2025.