Preschool ChildrenNCT06955078
Effects of VMI on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children
A study testing Visual Motor Integration in people with Preschool Children, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
The preschool stage is an important period for children to develop their motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional skills. pre-school years are the best time to intervene and correct developmental delays. VMI is linked to learning-related tasks like writing, measuring it in youngsters is essential. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 4 to 6 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Preschool Children
- What is being tested?
- Visual Motor Integration
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 16 Apr 2025to 20 Jul 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 4 to 6 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Children were 4 to 6 years old
- No history of visual or neurological abnormalities
Who cannot join
- • Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction
- Children wearing glasses
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Pakistan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Imran Amjad
Lahore, Punjab Province, 54000
Muhammad Asif Javed, MS, 03224209422, a.javed@riphah.edu.pk
Imran Amjad, PhD, 923224390125, a.javed@riphah.edu.pk
About this study
Official title: Effects of Visual Motor Integration on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children
The preschool stage is an important period for children to develop their motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional skills. pre-school years are the best time to intervene and correct developmental delays. VMI is linked to learning-related tasks like writing, measuring it in youngsters is essential. Earlier studies reported that children with deficits in VMI had lower academic achievements, the inadequate spatial organization of written work, and lower performance in mathematics and reading performance. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (Beery VMI-6), determined participants' VMI, VP and motor skills during the pre- and post-tests. Exposure to VMI tasks including, visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills can be enhanced. VP is assessed by Visual Perception Task (VP Task) and Motor Coordination Task (MC Task) and spatial awareness is assessed by BAS 3.The aim of study is to analyze effects of VMI on visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children.
The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from The Leaders Lyseum School Lahore. The study will include 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention. Tools used for data collection will be. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00.
Read the detailed description
Group A Experimental (Visual motor integration Group): Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include:
- Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry)
- Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation
- Writing fluency (speed and accuracy)
- Reproducing drawings, letters, etc. from the board or a book
- Understanding left and right or other directional concepts
- Gross motor and PE activities Visual Perception Task (VP Task) the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
- Discriminating and understanding left from right
- Matching objects or images
- Recognizing letters and numbers
- Providing or obtaining directions
- Visualizing objects or past experiences
- Developing eye-hand coordination
Group B Control group (Free play group): In this group only class work will be done no VMI tasks are assigned and performed. The participants will be assessed by using The Beery Visual Motor Integration 6th Edition will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills and VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
- Conditions
- Preschool Children
- Being tested
- Visual Motor Integration
- Keywords
- visual motor integration, preschool, visual perception, Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Visual Motor IntegrationOther
The Beery Visual Motor Integration will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased.
VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves. Elapsed time will be recorded beginning with Item 7, and the task discontinued after 3 minutes. Children will be told to connect dots and to draw within provided borders. Elapsed time was recorded beginning with Item 7 and the task ended up after 5 minutes.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A (Visual motor integration Group): | Experimental | Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include:
* Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry)
* Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation
* Gross motor and PE activities the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
* Discriminating and understanding left from right
* Recognizing letters and numbers
* Learning to read/write
* Providing or obtaining directions
* Visualizing objects or past experiences
Visual skills can also impact a student's performance in the school setting as seen in the following:
* Trouble discriminating left from right
* Reversal of letter, numbers, or words when copying or writing
* Mistaking words with similar beginnings when reading Receives: Other: Visual Motor Integration |
| Group B | No intervention | Only class work will be done by the students. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI)
Visual Motor Integration Task (VMI Task) The Beery VMI 6th Edition (33) will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased.
VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves.
Measured: 12 weeks
Test of Spatial Assembly (TOSA)
For each of the 2-D and 3-D portions of the TOSA, participants will receive a training trial followed by six test trials. During each test trial, the child will be shown a target figure composed of either 2-D geometric shapes or 3-D interlocking blocks. The child will be provided individual pieces, matching those in the target, and will be instructed to make their pieces look just like the target figure. The task required participants to exercise spatial visualization, shape decomposition and composition, and manual construction of complex shape forms in planar space and 3-dimensional space.
Measured: 12 Weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 May 2025
- Study start16 Apr 2025
- Primary completion16 Jul 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion20 Jul 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Preschool ChildrenStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Riphah International UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- A Randomized clinical trial performed in which 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Maria Amjad, MS-PT, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06955078
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REC/RCR/AHS/25/Hadeeqa Jabeen
- Status last verified
- Apr 2025
- First submitted
- 24 Apr 2025
- Last updated
- 2 May 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Lin LY. Differences between preschool children using tablets and non-tablets in visual perception and fine motor skills. Hong Kong J Occup Ther. 2019 Dec;32(2):118-126. doi: 10.1177/1569186119888698. Epub 2019 Dec 6.
PubMed 32009863Bolger LE, Bolger LA, O'Neill C, Coughlan E, O'Brien W, Lacey S, Burns C, Bardid F. Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. J Sports Sci. 2021 Apr;39(7):717-753. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405. Epub 2020 Dec 30.
PubMed 33377417Prochaska E, Ammenwerth E. A Digital Box and Block Test for Hand Dexterity Measurement: Instrument Validation Study. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023 Sep 15;10:e50474. doi: 10.2196/50474.
PubMed 37713251Oberer N, Gashaj V, Roebers CM. Motor skills in kindergarten: Internal structure, cognitive correlates and relationships to background variables. Hum Mov Sci. 2017 Apr;52:170-180. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.002.
PubMed 28222343Flores P, Coelho E, Mourao-Carvalhal I, Forte P. Relationships between Math Skills, Motor Skills, Physical Activity, and Obesity in Typically Developing Preschool Children. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Dec 7;13(12):1000. doi: 10.3390/bs13121000.
PubMed 38131856Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children. Hum Mov Sci. 2013 Feb;32(1):9-20. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
PubMed 23260614
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 May 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Visual Motor Integration on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06955078
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- REC/RCR/AHS/25/Hadeeqa Jabeen
- Conditions
- Preschool Children
- Keywords
- visual motor integration, preschool, visual perception, Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 16 Jul 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 20 Jul 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 2 May 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The preschool stage is an important period for children to develop their motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional skills. pre-school years are the best time to intervene and correct developmental delays. VMI is linked to learning-related tasks like writing, measuring it in youngsters is essential. Earlier studies reported that children with deficits in VMI had lower academic achievements, the inadequate spatial organization of written work, and lower performance in mathematics and reading performance. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (Beery VMI-6), determined participants' VMI, VP and motor skills during the pre- and post-tests. Exposure to VMI tasks including, visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills can be enhanced. VP is assessed by Visual Perception Task (VP Task) and Motor Coordination Task (MC Task) and spatial awareness is assessed by BAS 3.The aim of study is to analyze effects of VMI on visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children.
The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from The Leaders Lyseum School Lahore. The study will include 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention. Tools used for data collection will be. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00.
Detailed description
Group A Experimental (Visual motor integration Group): Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include:
- Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry)
- Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation
- Writing fluency (speed and accuracy)
- Reproducing drawings, letters, etc. from the board or a book
- Understanding left and right or other directional concepts
- Gross motor and PE activities Visual Perception Task (VP Task) the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
- Discriminating and understanding left from right
- Matching objects or images
- Recognizing letters and numbers
- Providing or obtaining directions
- Visualizing objects or past experiences
- Developing eye-hand coordination
Group B Control group (Free play group): In this group only class work will be done no VMI tasks are assigned and performed. The participants will be assessed by using The Beery Visual Motor Integration 6th Edition will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills and VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- A Randomized clinical trial performed in which 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A (Visual motor integration Group): | Experimental | Other: Visual Motor IntegrationGroup A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include: * Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry) * Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation * Gross motor and PE activities the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities. * Discriminating and understanding left from right * Recognizing letters and numbers * Learning to read/write * Providing or obtaining directions * Visualizing objects or past experiences Visual skills can also impact a student's performance in the school setting as seen in the following: * Trouble discriminating left from right * Reversal of letter, numbers, or words when copying or writing * Mistaking words with similar beginnings when reading |
| Group B | No intervention | –Only class work will be done by the students. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 4 to 6 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Children were 4 to 6 years old
- No history of visual or neurological abnormalities
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- • Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Motor IntegrationThe Beery Visual Motor Integration will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased. VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves. Elapsed time will be recorded beginning with Item 7, and the task discontinued after 3 minutes. Children will be told to connect dots and to draw within provided borders. Elapsed time was recorded beginning with Item 7 and the task ended up after 5 minutes. | Other | Group A (Visual motor integration Group): |
Primary outcome
Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI)
Time frame: 12 weeks
Visual Motor Integration Task (VMI Task) The Beery VMI 6th Edition (33) will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased. VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves.
Test of Spatial Assembly (TOSA)
Time frame: 12 Weeks
For each of the 2-D and 3-D portions of the TOSA, participants will receive a training trial followed by six test trials. During each test trial, the child will be shown a target figure composed of either 2-D geometric shapes or 3-D interlocking blocks. The child will be provided individual pieces, matching those in the target, and will be instructed to make their pieces look just like the target figure. The task required participants to exercise spatial visualization, shape decomposition and composition, and manual construction of complex shape forms in planar space and 3-dimensional space.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 May 2025.
- Background: PubMed 32009863Lin LY. Differences between preschool children using tablets and non-tablets in visual perception and fine motor skills. Hong Kong J Occup Ther. 2019 Dec;32(2):118-126. doi: 10.1177/1569186119888698. Epub 2019 Dec 6.
- Background: PubMed 33377417Bolger LE, Bolger LA, O'Neill C, Coughlan E, O'Brien W, Lacey S, Burns C, Bardid F. Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. J Sports Sci. 2021 Apr;39(7):717-753. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405. Epub 2020 Dec 30.
- Background: PubMed 37713251Prochaska E, Ammenwerth E. A Digital Box and Block Test for Hand Dexterity Measurement: Instrument Validation Study. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023 Sep 15;10:e50474. doi: 10.2196/50474.
- Background: PubMed 28222343Oberer N, Gashaj V, Roebers CM. Motor skills in kindergarten: Internal structure, cognitive correlates and relationships to background variables. Hum Mov Sci. 2017 Apr;52:170-180. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.002.
- Background: PubMed 38131856Flores P, Coelho E, Mourao-Carvalhal I, Forte P. Relationships between Math Skills, Motor Skills, Physical Activity, and Obesity in Typically Developing Preschool Children. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Dec 7;13(12):1000. doi: 10.3390/bs13121000.
- Background: PubMed 23260614Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children. Hum Mov Sci. 2013 Feb;32(1):9-20. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Maria Amjad, MS-PT principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Visual Motor Integration in people with Preschool Children, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 May 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact IMRAN AMJAD, PhD (92333224390125, imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) (time frame: 12 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06955078, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 May 2025.