Implementation of Toilet Training Using Brazelton's Child-centered ApproachNCT06983522
Providing Toilet Training Awareness Program to Mothers
A study testing Toilet training booklet in people with Implementation of Toilet Training Using Brazelton's Child-centered Approach, run by Muş Alparslan University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Toilet training has an important place among the developmental stages. A healthy child's ability to go to the toilet on his/her own is acquired between the ages of 1-3. Those who implement, show and guide toilet training have great responsibilities in ensuring that the period is healthy. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 12 to 18 months, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Implementation of Toilet Training Using Brazelton's Child-centered Approach
- What is being tested?
- Toilet training booklet
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 83 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 7 Jan 2025to 24 Jun 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 12 to 18 months
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Being 12-18 months old,
- Being healthy (No growth and development problems, chronic diseases or hearing problems),
- Not having started toilet training
Who cannot join
- Mothers want to quit working,
- The child is diagnosed with a chronic disease and
- The mother cannot attend training.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Family health center no. 01
Muş, Provincial, 49100
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Toilet Training Awareness Program Given to Mothers
Toilet training has an important place among the developmental stages. A healthy child's ability to go to the toilet on his/her own is acquired between the ages of 1-3. Those who implement, show and guide toilet training have great responsibilities in ensuring that the period is healthy. Problems experienced during the education period can cause some negative situations, behaviors and undesirable personality traits in the child. The research will be conducted as an RCT in Muş Province, Family Health Center No. 01, between May 2024 and December 2025 in order to examine the effect of the toilet training awareness program applied to the participants on their knowledge and attitudes. The universe of the research will consist of participants who have not started 12-18 months of toilet training between May 2024 and May 2025. The entire universe will be examined in the research without using the sampling method. If the expected number cannot be reached between the specified dates and the relevant ASM, the data collection date will be extended. In the study, the Toilet Training Knowledge and Attitude Scale, the Motherhood Role Scale and the Parental Attitude Scale will be used to investigate the relationship between them. Children aged 12-18 months will be determined from the relevant ASM records. Phone numbers will be taken from the records, participants will be called and informed about the research and their verbal consent will be obtained. Participants who want to participate will be given an appointment and asked to come to ASM. Data will be obtained in the form of face-to-face interviews and questions and answers. Ethical principles will be followed.
Read the detailed description
The aim of the study is to find out the effect of the toilet training awareness program applied to the participants on the knowledge and attitudes of the participants. There are many toilet training methods applied to date. Among these, the Child-Centered Approach developed by Brazelton is the most preferred. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Association also recommend this method. It is preferred more due to the presence of behaviors such as waiting for the child to be ready to start toilet training, having them do exercises, using positive terms and rewarding them if they are successful. Among the other applied methods, the ''One-Day Toilet Training'' method developed by Azrin and Fox was created for children with mental disabilities. It is less preferred due to behaviors such as harsh attitudes and verbal reprimands towards the child. Other methods such as Assisted Toilet Training or Elimination method are less preferred due to cultural differences or the constant observation and power required by mothers.
When we look at national and international studies, the knowledge levels of the participants are usually measured and their attitudes are evaluated. No toilet training program was applied to the participants. Therefore, the study is a first.
In this study, as researchers, we plan to create awareness in participants with children between the ages of 1-3 by giving them a toilet training program using Brazelton's Child-Centered Approach. In the study, the Toilet Training Knowledge and Attitude Scale, the Motherhood Role Scale and the Parenting Attitude Scale will be used to investigate the relationship between them.
- Being tested
- Toilet training booklet
- Keywords
- toilet training, child, Brazelton Child-Centered Approach, parents, attitude
- Medical subject headings
- Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Toilet training bookletDevice
Education on the subject of motherhood, the concept of motherhood and the role of motherhood. Education on parental attitudes, types of attitudes. Education on education in school, the age of starting education, the duration of education, signs of readiness for child toilet training, Brazelton's child-focused approach and characteristics of toilet training, the effects of parents' attitudes on toilet training and education on problems that may be encountered during toilet training. It covers the topics.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Toilet Training | Experimental | 3 weeks old training program; In the 1st Stage of the training; Education on the subject of motherhood, the concept of motherhood and the role of motherhood.
In the 2nd Stage of the training;Education on parental attitudes, types of attitudes.
In the 3rd Stage of the training; Education on the subject of toilet training, the age of starting the training, the duration of the training, the signs of the child's readiness for toilet training, Brazelton's child-focused approach and the factors affecting toilet training, the effects of parental attitudes on toilet training and the problems that may be encountered during toilet training.
Afterwards, Personal Information Form, Toilet Training BTÖ, ARÖ, ETÖ, scales will be presented. Receives: Device: Toilet training booklet |
| control group | No intervention | No intervention was applied to the control group. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Parental Attitude Scale
In the scale developed by Demir and Şendil in 2007, the scale consists of 46 items and four sub-dimensions. The scale is designed with a 5-point rating and the scores obtained from each dimension are calculated separately to obtain a score for each dimension. A high score obtained from the sub-dimensions indicates that the individual has the characteristic evaluated by the relevant sub-dimension. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were found as .83 for the democratic dimension, .76 for the authoritarian dimension, .75 for the overprotective dimension and .74 for the permissive dimension. One of these options is marked for each item. "Always like this" receives 5 points; "Mostly like this" receives 4 points; "Sometimes like this" receives 3 points; "Rarely like this" receives 2 points and "Never like this" receives 1 point.
Measured: 3 months
Secondary outcomes (2)
Toilet Training Knowledge Attitude Scale
It was developed by Ciger and Güdücü Tüfekci in 2019. It was developed to assess mothers' knowledge and attitudes during toilet training. The scale consists of 29 Likert-type items rated between 1 and 5 and does not contain reverse items or scoring. The highest score that can be obtained from the scale items is 5 and the lowest score is 1. (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Don't Know, 2-Disagree, 1-Strongly Disagree). A high score shows that mothers have positive knowledge and attitudes. A minimum of 29 and a maximum of 145 points can be obtained from the scale. The Cronbach's α coefficient of Toilet Training-BTÖ was found to be .916. As the scale score increases, mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards Toilet Training-BTÖ increase positively.
Measured: 3 months
Maternal Role Scale
It was developed by Arpacı Kızıldağ and Yiğit in 2022. The scale consists of 26 items and three sub-dimensions. There are 8 items in the Mother's Role sub-dimension, 11 items in the Mother's Attitude sub-dimension, and 7 items in the Mother's Concern sub-dimension. The scale was designed as "5-point Likert (1st Likert: Strongly Disagree, 2nd Likert: Disagree, 3rd Likert: Neither agree nor disagree, 4th Likert: Agree, 5th Likert: Strongly Agree)". The scoring of each item on the scale is 1-2-3-4-5. Items 7,8,9,10,14,15,19,20,21,22,23,24,25 on the scale are reverse coded. The scoring of these items will be 5-4-3-2-1. The maximum score obtained from the scale is 130 and the minimum score is 26, and increasing scores indicate that the motherhood role has developed. The "Cronbach's Alpha coefficient" of the scale was found to be 0.793.
Measured: 3 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 May 2025
- Study start7 Jan 2025
- Primary completion23 Jun 2025
- Study completion24 Jun 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Implementation of Toilet Training Using Brazelton's Child-centered ApproachStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Model description
- The experimental group and the control group were given toilet training.
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 83 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Muş Alparslan University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ataturk University
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Fatma GÜDÜCÜ TÜFEKCİ, Prof.Dr., Study director, fatma.guducutufekci@atauni.edu.tr
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06983522
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MusAlparslanU-YHB-İC-01
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 7 May 2025
- Last updated
- 27 Jun 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: I don't want to share
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Toilet Training Awareness Program Given to Mothers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06983522
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MusAlparslanU-YHB-İC-01
- Keywords
- toilet training, child, Brazelton Child-Centered Approach, parents, attitude
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 83 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Muş Alparslan UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ataturk University
- Study start
- 7 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 23 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 24 Jun 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 21 May 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Toilet training has an important place among the developmental stages. A healthy child's ability to go to the toilet on his/her own is acquired between the ages of 1-3. Those who implement, show and guide toilet training have great responsibilities in ensuring that the period is healthy. Problems experienced during the education period can cause some negative situations, behaviors and undesirable personality traits in the child. The research will be conducted as an RCT in Muş Province, Family Health Center No. 01, between May 2024 and December 2025 in order to examine the effect of the toilet training awareness program applied to the participants on their knowledge and attitudes. The universe of the research will consist of participants who have not started 12-18 months of toilet training between May 2024 and May 2025. The entire universe will be examined in the research without using the sampling method. If the expected number cannot be reached between the specified dates and the relevant ASM, the data collection date will be extended. In the study, the Toilet Training Knowledge and Attitude Scale, the Motherhood Role Scale and the Parental Attitude Scale will be used to investigate the relationship between them. Children aged 12-18 months will be determined from the relevant ASM records. Phone numbers will be taken from the records, participants will be called and informed about the research and their verbal consent will be obtained. Participants who want to participate will be given an appointment and asked to come to ASM. Data will be obtained in the form of face-to-face interviews and questions and answers. Ethical principles will be followed.
Detailed description
The aim of the study is to find out the effect of the toilet training awareness program applied to the participants on the knowledge and attitudes of the participants. There are many toilet training methods applied to date. Among these, the Child-Centered Approach developed by Brazelton is the most preferred. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Association also recommend this method. It is preferred more due to the presence of behaviors such as waiting for the child to be ready to start toilet training, having them do exercises, using positive terms and rewarding them if they are successful. Among the other applied methods, the ''One-Day Toilet Training'' method developed by Azrin and Fox was created for children with mental disabilities. It is less preferred due to behaviors such as harsh attitudes and verbal reprimands towards the child. Other methods such as Assisted Toilet Training or Elimination method are less preferred due to cultural differences or the constant observation and power required by mothers.
When we look at national and international studies, the knowledge levels of the participants are usually measured and their attitudes are evaluated. No toilet training program was applied to the participants. Therefore, the study is a first.
In this study, as researchers, we plan to create awareness in participants with children between the ages of 1-3 by giving them a toilet training program using Brazelton's Child-Centered Approach. In the study, the Toilet Training Knowledge and Attitude Scale, the Motherhood Role Scale and the Parenting Attitude Scale will be used to investigate the relationship between them.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- The experimental group and the control group were given toilet training.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Toilet Training | Experimental | Device: Toilet training booklet3 weeks old training program; In the 1st Stage of the training; Education on the subject of motherhood, the concept of motherhood and the role of motherhood. In the 2nd Stage of the training;Education on parental attitudes, types of attitudes. In the 3rd Stage of the training; Education on the subject of toilet training, the age of starting the training, the duration of the training, the signs of the child's readiness for toilet training, Brazelton's child-focused approach and the factors affecting toilet training, the effects of parental attitudes on toilet training and the problems that may be encountered during toilet training. Afterwards, Personal Information Form, Toilet Training BTÖ, ARÖ, ETÖ, scales will be presented. |
| control group | No intervention | –No intervention was applied to the control group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 12 to 18 months
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Being 12-18 months old,
- Being healthy (No growth and development problems, chronic diseases or hearing problems),
- Not having started toilet training
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Mothers want to quit working,
- The child is diagnosed with a chronic disease and
- The mother cannot attend training.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Toilet training bookletEducation on the subject of motherhood, the concept of motherhood and the role of motherhood. Education on parental attitudes, types of attitudes. Education on education in school, the age of starting education, the duration of education, signs of readiness for child toilet training, Brazelton's child-focused approach and characteristics of toilet training, the effects of parents' attitudes on toilet training and education on problems that may be encountered during toilet training. It covers the topics. | Device | Toilet Training |
Primary outcome
Parental Attitude Scale
Time frame: 3 months
In the scale developed by Demir and Şendil in 2007, the scale consists of 46 items and four sub-dimensions. The scale is designed with a 5-point rating and the scores obtained from each dimension are calculated separately to obtain a score for each dimension. A high score obtained from the sub-dimensions indicates that the individual has the characteristic evaluated by the relevant sub-dimension. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were found as .83 for the democratic dimension, .76 for the authoritarian dimension, .75 for the overprotective dimension and .74 for the permissive dimension. One of these options is marked for each item. "Always like this" receives 5 points; "Mostly like this" receives 4 points; "Sometimes like this" receives 3 points; "Rarely like this" receives 2 points and "Never like this" receives 1 point.
2 secondary outcomes
Toilet Training Knowledge Attitude Scale
Time frame: 3 months
Maternal Role Scale
Time frame: 3 months
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jun 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. I don't want to share
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Fatma GÜDÜCÜ TÜFEKCİ, Prof.Dr. study director
fatma.guducutufekci@atauni.edu.tr
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Toilet training booklet in people with Implementation of Toilet Training Using Brazelton's Child-centered Approach, run by Muş Alparslan University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Parental Attitude Scale (time frame: 3 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jun 2025.