GlaucomaPhase 2NCT06991712
Comparisons of NAD Precursors for Neuroenhancement in Glaucoma Patients
A Phase 2 study testing Nicotinamide Riboside, Nicotinamide and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in people with Glaucoma, run by Christopher Kai Shun Leung at 1 site in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether oral supplementation with different nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors can improve visual function in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Glaucoma
- What is being tested?
- Nicotinamide Riboside, Nicotinamide and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 138 participants
- Where
- 1 siteHong Kong
- Study dates
- 19 May 2025to 31 Dec 2026
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- glaucoma patients
- age ≥ 18 years
- best corrected VA ≥20/40
- IOP <21 mmHg
- visual field mean deviation better than -24 dB on standard automated perimetry 24-2 SITA standard
Who cannot join
- pathological myopia
- diseases that may cause visual field loss or optic disc abnormalities other than glaucoma
- inability to perform reliable visual field
- suboptimal quality of OCT images
- diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy
- history of abnormal liver function within 12 months
Show all 9Show fewer
- known allergy to NAD precursor supplement(s)
- pregnancy or lactation
- use of NAD precursor supplements 14 days prior to baseline.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Hong Kong1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
HKU Eye Centre
Wong Chuk Hang
Kai-shun Christopher LEUNG, MD, (852)3910-3898, cleung21@hku.hk
About this study
Official title: Comparisons of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Precursors for Neuroenhancement in Glaucoma Patients
The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether oral supplementation with different nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors can improve visual function in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does daily oral administration of equimolar doses of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), or nicotinic acid (NA) improve visual field sensitivity in glaucoma patients over the short term?
- How do plasma NAD+ metabolite profiles change after administration of each precursor, and do these changes relate to improvements in visual function?
Read more
Researchers will compare NR, NAM, NMN, NA, and placebo groups to see if any of the NAD precursors lead to greater improvements in visual field sensitivity or changes in blood NAD+ metabolite levels compared to placebo.
Participants will:
Be randomly assigned to receive one of the four NAD precursors or placebo daily for two weeks.
Undergo comprehensive eye examinations, including visual field testing and optical coherence tomography, at baseline and after two weeks.
Provide blood samples before and after the intervention for measurement of NAD+ metabolites.
Have safety monitored through clinical examination.
This study will help identify whether boosting NAD+ levels with specific precursors offers functional benefit in glaucoma, and which blood metabolites may mediate these effects.
Read the detailed description
This prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluates four nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors for neuroenhancement in 138 adults with primary open-angle glaucoma. Participants are randomly assigned to receive daily oral supplementation for one week with equimolar doses of nicotinamide riboside (300 mg), nicotinamide (125 mg), nicotinamide mononucleotide (350 mg), nicotinic acid (125 mg), or placebo. The study assesses short-term changes in visual field sensitivity using Humphrey Field Analyzer 24-2 testing and measures NAD+ metabolite profiles through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at baseline, pre-dose, and post-dose timepoints.
Secondary objectives include comparing pattern electroretinogram nerve fiber layer thickness measurements before and after treatment and analyzing correlations between systemic NAD+ metabolite elevations and functional visual improvements. Blood samples undergo standardized processing with Lymphoprep separation, snap-freezing, and derivatization protocols prior to mass spectrometry analysis using Agilent and Thermo Fisher systems with predefined NAD+ metabolite inclusion lists.
Statistical analysis employs linear mixed models to compare within-group and between-group changes, with intention-to-treat principles. The study design addresses gaps in comparative NAD precursor bioavailability data by testing equimolar doses in a targeted glaucoma population, while maintaining double-blinding through computer-generated randomization and masked outcome assessment.
- Conditions
- Glaucoma
- Being tested
- Nicotinamide Riboside, Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Nicotinic Acid, Placebo (Corn Starch)
- Keywords
- NAD Precursor, Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Nicotinamide Riboside
- Medical subject headings
- Glaucoma
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nicotinamide RibosideDietary supplement
Also called NR
Oral supplementation of 300mg Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) daily for 2 weeks
NicotinamideDietary supplement
Also called Niacinamide, NAM
Oral supplementation of 125mg Nicotinamide/Niacinamide (NAM) daily for 2 weeks
Nicotinamide MononucleotideDietary supplement
Also called NMN
Oral supplementation of 350mg Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) daily for 2 weeks
Nicotinic AcidDietary supplement
Oral supplementation of 350mg Nicotinic Acid (NA) daily for 2 weeks
Placebo (Corn Starch)Other
Oral supplementation of 300mg Placebo daily for 2 weeks
Placebo (Corn Starch)Other
Oral supplementation of 300mg Placebo daily for 2 weeks
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nicotinamide Riboside (Phase I) | Experimental | Not described Receives: Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide Riboside |
| Nicotinamide (Phase I) | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide |
| Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (Phase II) | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide |
| Nicotinic Acid (Phase II) | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Dietary Supplement: Nicotinic Acid |
| Placebo (Phase I) | Placebo comparator | Not described Receives: Other: Placebo (Corn Starch) |
| Placebo (Phase II) | Placebo comparator | Not described Receives: Other: Placebo (Corn Starch) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in visual field sensitivity
Visual field will be measured with automated static perimetry by the Humphrey Field Analyzer 3 24-2 SITA standard strategy (HFA; Carl Zeiss Meditec). Two reliable visual fields will be obtained for each eye at the baseline examination, with at least 10 minutes of rest in between, and two reliable visual fields will be obtained for each eye at week two.
Change in visual field index (VFI) and threshold sensitivity (dB) before and two weeks after intervention between treatment groups will be compared.
Measured: 2 weeks
Secondary outcomes (3)
Blood NA and NAD+ metabolome
At baseline, plasma and PBMC samples will be collected on the day of VF test before the intake of NAD precursor or placebo between 9am and 10am. After two weeks of oral administration of NAD+ precursor or placebo, two blood samples will be collected: between 9 am and 10 am (pre-dose), and then between 11am and 12 noon (post-dose). The sample will be processed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to measure the amounts of NAD+ metabolites. Changes in NAD metabolites before and 2 weeks after intake of NAD precursors will be compared between treatment groups.
Measured: 2 weeks
Change in pattern ERG measurements
Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) will also be performed at baseline and follow-up for every other subject included in the study. Changes in PERG measurements including P50 and N95 amplitudes, before and two weeks after intervention, will be compared between the placebo group and the NAD precursor group.
Measured: 2 weeks
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and defect imaging by optical coherence tomography
At baseline and week two follow-up visits, RNFL imaging will be performed with the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) using the optic nerve head (6x6 mm2) cube scan covering both the macula and the parapapillary area (512x256 pixels). Changes in average RNFL thickness before and two weeks after intervention will be compared between treatment groups.
Measured: 2 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 May 2025
- Study start19 May 2025
- Primary completion31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (52)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for GlaucomaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- NR, NAM, NMN, or NA in mole equivalent amount, or placebo, will be randomly assigned to 138 patients, 23 per group (a total of 4 treatment groups and 2 placebo groups). Each patient will receive a daily dose of 300 mg NR, 125 mg NAM, 350 mg NMN, 125 mg NA or 300 mg placebo (corn starch capsule) at 9 am each day for two weeks. The study will be conducted in 2 phases. In Phase I, participants will be randomized to placebo, NR, or NAM. In Phase II, participants will be randomized to receive, placebo, NA, or NMN.
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 138 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Christopher Kai Shun Leung
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Christopher Kai Shun Leung, The University of Hong Kong
- Investigators
- Christopher Kai-shun LEUNG, MD, Principal investigator, The University of Hong Kong
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06991712
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- H029
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 16 May 2025
- Last updated
- 26 Jun 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Allison K, Patel D, Alabi O. Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future. Cureus. 2020 Nov 24;12(11):e11686. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11686.
PubMed 33391921Bengtsson B, Lindgren A, Heijl A, Lindgren G, Asman P, Patella M. Perimetric probability maps to separate change caused by glaucoma from that caused by cataract. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997 Apr;75(2):184-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00121.x.
PubMed 9197570Bledi Petriti, Alessandro Rabiolo, Pete Williams, Kai-Yin Chau, Gerassimos Lascaratos, David F Garway-Heath; Primary open angle glaucoma patients have lower systemic mitochondrial function, associated with lower systemic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, compared to Controls. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023;64(8):483.
Bledi Petriti, Gerassimos Lascaratos, David Chau, Williams Peter, David F Garway-Heath; Preliminary data show Normal Tension Glaucoma patients have lower systemic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels and mitochondrial function compared to Controls. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021;62(8):1765.
Capuzzi DM, Guyton JR, Morgan JM, Goldberg AC, Kreisberg RA, Brusco OA, Brody J. Efficacy and safety of an extended-release niacin (Niaspan): a long-term study. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):74U-81U; discussion 85U-86U. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00731-0.
PubMed 9915666Christopher Kai-Shun Leung, Philip Guo, Marco Yu, Gilda Lai; Nicotinamide Riboside for Progressing Glaucoma: A Double-blind, Parallel Group, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial - A Report on Neuroenhancement. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023;64(8):4349.
Cros C, Cannelle H, Laganier L, Grozio A, Canault M. Safety evaluation after acute and sub-chronic oral administration of high purity nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN-C(R)) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Apr;150:112060. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112060. Epub 2021 Feb 12.
PubMed 33587977De Moraes CG, John SWM, Williams PA, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM. Nicotinamide and Pyruvate for Neuroenhancement in Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan 1;140(1):11-18. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4576.
PubMed 34792559European Food Safety Authority. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals (2006). Parma, Italy: European Food Safety Authority; 2006.
Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Mansouri K, Weinreb RN. The structure and function relationship in glaucoma: implications for detection of progression and measurement of rates of change. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Oct 5;53(11):6939-46. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10345.
PubMed 22893677Gardiner SK, Crabb DP. Frequency of testing for detecting visual field progression. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 May;86(5):560-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.86.5.560.
PubMed 11973255Garway-Heath DF, Crabb DP, Bunce C, Lascaratos G, Amalfitano F, Anand N, Azuara-Blanco A, Bourne RR, Broadway DC, Cunliffe IA, Diamond JP, Fraser SG, Ho TA, Martin KR, McNaught AI, Negi A, Patel K, Russell RA, Shah A, Spry PG, Suzuki K, White ET, Wormald RP, Xing W, Zeyen TG. Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 4;385(9975):1295-304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62111-5. Epub 2014 Dec 19.
PubMed 25533656GRAS No 635, available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=GRASNotices&id=635
Gupta D, Chen PP. Glaucoma. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Apr 15;93(8):668-74.
PubMed 27175839Harwerth RS, Carter-Dawson L, Shen F, Smith EL 3rd, Crawford ML. Ganglion cell losses underlying visual field defects from experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Sep;40(10):2242-50.
PubMed 10476789
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparisons of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Precursors for Neuroenhancement in Glaucoma Patients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06991712
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- H029
- Conditions
- Glaucoma
- Keywords
- NAD Precursor, Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Nicotinamide Riboside
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 138 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Christopher Kai Shun LeungUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 19 May 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 28 May 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether oral supplementation with different nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors can improve visual function in adults with primary open-angle glaucoma. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does daily oral administration of equimolar doses of nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), or nicotinic acid (NA) improve visual field sensitivity in glaucoma patients over the short term?
- How do plasma NAD+ metabolite profiles change after administration of each precursor, and do these changes relate to improvements in visual function?
Researchers will compare NR, NAM, NMN, NA, and placebo groups to see if any of the NAD precursors lead to greater improvements in visual field sensitivity or changes in blood NAD+ metabolite levels compared to placebo.
Participants will:
Be randomly assigned to receive one of the four NAD precursors or placebo daily for two weeks.
Undergo comprehensive eye examinations, including visual field testing and optical coherence tomography, at baseline and after two weeks.
Provide blood samples before and after the intervention for measurement of NAD+ metabolites.
Have safety monitored through clinical examination.
This study will help identify whether boosting NAD+ levels with specific precursors offers functional benefit in glaucoma, and which blood metabolites may mediate these effects.
Detailed description
This prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluates four nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors for neuroenhancement in 138 adults with primary open-angle glaucoma. Participants are randomly assigned to receive daily oral supplementation for one week with equimolar doses of nicotinamide riboside (300 mg), nicotinamide (125 mg), nicotinamide mononucleotide (350 mg), nicotinic acid (125 mg), or placebo. The study assesses short-term changes in visual field sensitivity using Humphrey Field Analyzer 24-2 testing and measures NAD+ metabolite profiles through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at baseline, pre-dose, and post-dose timepoints.
Secondary objectives include comparing pattern electroretinogram nerve fiber layer thickness measurements before and after treatment and analyzing correlations between systemic NAD+ metabolite elevations and functional visual improvements. Blood samples undergo standardized processing with Lymphoprep separation, snap-freezing, and derivatization protocols prior to mass spectrometry analysis using Agilent and Thermo Fisher systems with predefined NAD+ metabolite inclusion lists.
Statistical analysis employs linear mixed models to compare within-group and between-group changes, with intention-to-treat principles. The study design addresses gaps in comparative NAD precursor bioavailability data by testing equimolar doses in a targeted glaucoma population, while maintaining double-blinding through computer-generated randomization and masked outcome assessment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 6
- Model description
- NR, NAM, NMN, or NA in mole equivalent amount, or placebo, will be randomly assigned to 138 patients, 23 per group (a total of 4 treatment groups and 2 placebo groups). Each patient will receive a daily dose of 300 mg NR, 125 mg NAM, 350 mg NMN, 125 mg NA or 300 mg placebo (corn starch capsule) at 9 am each day for two weeks. The study will be conducted in 2 phases. In Phase I, participants will be randomized to placebo, NR, or NAM. In Phase II, participants will be randomized to receive, placebo, NA, or NMN.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nicotinamide Riboside (Phase I) | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide Riboside |
| Nicotinamide (Phase I) | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide |
| Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (Phase II) | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide |
| Nicotinic Acid (Phase II) | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Nicotinic Acid |
| Placebo (Phase I) | Placebo comparator | Other: Placebo (Corn Starch) |
| Placebo (Phase II) | Placebo comparator | Other: Placebo (Corn Starch) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- glaucoma patients
- age ≥ 18 years
- best corrected VA ≥20/40
- IOP <21 mmHg
- visual field mean deviation better than -24 dB on standard automated perimetry 24-2 SITA standard
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- pathological myopia
- diseases that may cause visual field loss or optic disc abnormalities other than glaucoma
- inability to perform reliable visual field
- suboptimal quality of OCT images
- diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nicotinamide RibosideAlso: NROral supplementation of 300mg Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) daily for 2 weeks | Dietary supplement | Nicotinamide Riboside (Phase I) |
| NicotinamideAlso: Niacinamide, NAMOral supplementation of 125mg Nicotinamide/Niacinamide (NAM) daily for 2 weeks | Dietary supplement | Nicotinamide (Phase I) |
| Nicotinamide MononucleotideAlso: NMNOral supplementation of 350mg Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) daily for 2 weeks | Dietary supplement | Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (Phase II) |
| Nicotinic AcidOral supplementation of 350mg Nicotinic Acid (NA) daily for 2 weeks | Dietary supplement | Nicotinic Acid (Phase II) |
| Placebo (Corn Starch)Oral supplementation of 300mg Placebo daily for 2 weeks | Other | Placebo (Phase I) |
| Placebo (Corn Starch)Oral supplementation of 300mg Placebo daily for 2 weeks | Other | Placebo (Phase II) |
Primary outcome
Change in visual field sensitivity
Time frame: 2 weeks
Visual field will be measured with automated static perimetry by the Humphrey Field Analyzer 3 24-2 SITA standard strategy (HFA; Carl Zeiss Meditec). Two reliable visual fields will be obtained for each eye at the baseline examination, with at least 10 minutes of rest in between, and two reliable visual fields will be obtained for each eye at week two. Change in visual field index (VFI) and threshold sensitivity (dB) before and two weeks after intervention between treatment groups will be compared.
3 secondary outcomes
Blood NA and NAD+ metabolome
Time frame: 2 weeks
Change in pattern ERG measurements
Time frame: 2 weeks
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and defect imaging by optical coherence tomography
Time frame: 2 weeks
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Jun 2025.
- Background: PubMed 33391921Allison K, Patel D, Alabi O. Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future. Cureus. 2020 Nov 24;12(11):e11686. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11686.
- Background: PubMed 9197570Bengtsson B, Lindgren A, Heijl A, Lindgren G, Asman P, Patella M. Perimetric probability maps to separate change caused by glaucoma from that caused by cataract. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997 Apr;75(2):184-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00121.x.
- BackgroundBledi Petriti, Alessandro Rabiolo, Pete Williams, Kai-Yin Chau, Gerassimos Lascaratos, David F Garway-Heath; Primary open angle glaucoma patients have lower systemic mitochondrial function, associated with lower systemic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, compared to Controls. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023;64(8):483.
- BackgroundBledi Petriti, Gerassimos Lascaratos, David Chau, Williams Peter, David F Garway-Heath; Preliminary data show Normal Tension Glaucoma patients have lower systemic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels and mitochondrial function compared to Controls. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021;62(8):1765.
- Background: PubMed 9915666Capuzzi DM, Guyton JR, Morgan JM, Goldberg AC, Kreisberg RA, Brusco OA, Brody J. Efficacy and safety of an extended-release niacin (Niaspan): a long-term study. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):74U-81U; discussion 85U-86U. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00731-0.
- BackgroundChristopher Kai-Shun Leung, Philip Guo, Marco Yu, Gilda Lai; Nicotinamide Riboside for Progressing Glaucoma: A Double-blind, Parallel Group, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial - A Report on Neuroenhancement. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023;64(8):4349.
- Background: PubMed 33587977Cros C, Cannelle H, Laganier L, Grozio A, Canault M. Safety evaluation after acute and sub-chronic oral administration of high purity nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN-C(R)) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Apr;150:112060. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112060. Epub 2021 Feb 12.
- Background: PubMed 34792559De Moraes CG, John SWM, Williams PA, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM. Nicotinamide and Pyruvate for Neuroenhancement in Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan 1;140(1):11-18. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4576.
- BackgroundEuropean Food Safety Authority. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals (2006). Parma, Italy: European Food Safety Authority; 2006.
- Background: PubMed 22893677Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Mansouri K, Weinreb RN. The structure and function relationship in glaucoma: implications for detection of progression and measurement of rates of change. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Oct 5;53(11):6939-46. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10345.
- Background: PubMed 11973255Gardiner SK, Crabb DP. Frequency of testing for detecting visual field progression. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 May;86(5):560-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.86.5.560.
- Background: PubMed 25533656Garway-Heath DF, Crabb DP, Bunce C, Lascaratos G, Amalfitano F, Anand N, Azuara-Blanco A, Bourne RR, Broadway DC, Cunliffe IA, Diamond JP, Fraser SG, Ho TA, Martin KR, McNaught AI, Negi A, Patel K, Russell RA, Shah A, Spry PG, Suzuki K, White ET, Wormald RP, Xing W, Zeyen TG. Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 4;385(9975):1295-304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62111-5. Epub 2014 Dec 19.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Christopher Kai-shun LEUNG, MD principal investigator
The University of Hong Kong
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Nicotinamide Riboside, Nicotinamide and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in people with Glaucoma, run by Christopher Kai Shun Leung at 1 site in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Christopher Kai-shun LEUNG, MD ((852)3910-2673, cleung21@hku.hk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in visual field sensitivity (time frame: 2 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06991712, which also lists 52 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Jun 2025.