A Community-based Video-facilitated Parenting Intervention For Child Development In India.

Children thrive developmentally when they are surrounded by systems and relationships that consistently provide nurturing care. This care must operate across both proximal environments, such as the family and community-based workers (CBWs), and distal influences such as supportive social policies, institutional services, and cultural norms. A nurturing home environment includes a sensitivity and responsiveness to a child's health and nutritional needs, regular, developmentally appropriate opportunities for learning, emotionally enriching caregiver interactions, and protection from environmental and psychosocial adversity. These elements are especially vital during the first 1000 days of life, a critical window for brain development for future cognitive, social, and emotional functioning.

While global progress has been made in reducing developmental risk, evidenced by a decline in the number of children under five at risk of not reaching their developmental potential from 279.1 million to 249.4 million between 2004 and 2010, the burden remains high, particularly in South Asia. This is due to social and structural inequities that limit caregivers' access to knowledge, stimulation resources, and health-promoting environments.

Intervention research from LMICs has demonstrated that programs integrating nutrition with responsive caregiving and play activities delivered in the early years, yield significantly better developmental and nutritional outcomes than stand-alone nutritional approaches. Parenting programs that emphasize emotionally attuned and developmentally supportive interactions between caregivers and children are especially effective in improving child cognition, caregiver knowledge, parenting behaviors, and the quality of parent-child engagement. These findings necessitate scaling up parenting interventions as a key strategy to support child development.

However, the practical implementation of such programs at scale faces barriers such as substandard and overburdened health systems in LMICs. CBWs-who serve as the primary bridge between health systems and communities-are tasked with delivering a wide range of services without sufficient training, resources, or institutional support. This can compromise their effectiveness and increase burnout and attrition.

To overcome these limitations, experts advocate for contextually appropriate, scalable delivery mechanisms that leverage and strengthen existing systems. This includes equipping CBWs with tailored training, structured supervision, technological tools, and incentives that suit their work. As key intermediaries, CBWs are uniquely positioned to foster behaviour change within households and communities, provided they are adequately supported.

One promising avenue for such scalable innovation is the use of mobile health technologies, including video-based interventions. These platforms can reduce the cognitive and logistical burden on CBWs by standardizing messaging, providing engaging and repeatable content, and supporting fidelity in delivery. Videos are particularly effective at capturing caregiver attention, illustrating practical skills, and enhancing learning through modelling and storytelling, factors that make them well-suited for low-literacy or resource-constrained environments.

Video-based parenting programs have the potential to enhance early stimulation, improve ECD knowledge among caregivers, increase household safety practices, and promote father engagement. Furthermore, video-viewing combined with facilitated discussion is both feasible and impactful in resource-limited settings, enabling large-scale access to high-quality parenting support. Video-based interventions have been used in LMICs to promote maternal and child nutrition , ECD knowledge, early stimulation, fathers' engagement, household environment safety, child cognition and maternal knowledge of child development.

Study Setting The intervention would be embedded within the ICDS in 30 Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) of three ICDS projects viz., Maheshwaram, Khairtabad, and Alwal in Telangana. AWCs are community creches serving a population of 5000 in urban and 1000 in rural areas and are managed by CBWs called Anganwadi workers (AWWs).

Telangana is the youngest state in India, founded in the year 2014. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21), child feeding practice indicators in the state were concerning, with only 37.1% children under three months breastfed within one hour of birth, 68.2% children under six months exclusively breastfed, 51.3% children aged 6-8 months receiving solid or semi-solid food along with breast milk and a meagre 9.2% children aged 6-23 months receiving an adequate diet. Also, there was a marked worsening of Under 5 (U5) child anthropometry indicators between NFHS-4 and 5, where U5 stunting went up from 28% to 33.1%, U5 underweight from 28.4% to 31.8%, and U5 wasting from 18.1% to 21.7%. The other key consideration to implement Aalana Palana in Telangana was high mobile ownership in the state, with 96% urban and 91% rural households having a mobile phone, and 60% of women having access to a phone they use themselves.

Development of video content Information synthesis: A desk review of published global research on parenting interventions specifically in LMICs, the Nurturing Care Framework, the WHO Care for Development Package, and the early years learning framework. Resources in the Indian context, such as the Mother and Child Protection card, Home-Based Care for Young Child program guidelines, Poshan Abhiyan, and Intintiki Anganwadi, were also reviewed for content and implementation guidelines.

Blueprint: A blueprint was developed based on this review, findings from Aalana Palana's formative research, multiple consultations with system-level stakeholders, and available resources for content development. Eleven videos were prioritized for development including one video for pregnancy, eight videos for caregivers of children up to two years of age (each video specifically targeting 3-month periods viz., 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-9 months, up to 22-24 months), one video for caregivers of children aged 2-5 years and one specifically addressing fathers' involvement in parenting. ECD messages and parent-child interaction activities to be included in each video were listed to build a cohesive narrative for a specific age group, keeping in mind counselling sessions that would be conducted by AWWs and also to prevent information overload.

Scripting: This blueprint guided the iterative development of scripts, initially drafted in English, then translated into Telugu and Hindi. Each English script was reviewed by senior Aalana Palana investigators and representatives from ICDS and UNICEF. Finalized scripts were translated using simple, colloquial, and culturally relevant language. Scripts included learning objectives, visuals, narration, and discussion points.

Video content development: A creative team from Telangana handled pre-production, shooting, and post-production. Videos were filmed in local communities, with AWCs assisting in identifying and selecting pregnant women and caregivers based on Aalana Palana team briefings. Informed consent was obtained from all families before filming.

Families were familiarized with the creative team and equipment to ensure natural, real-life visuals. Daily routines were discussed to schedule shoots at convenient times for capturing key interactions. Caregivers received reference videos and coaching for play activities. Efforts were made to include families of both male and female children from diverse social and religious backgrounds to ensure equitable representation Content and structure of Aalana Palana Videos The videos promote responsive parenting, early learning, and recommended nutritional practices for young children and pregnant women. They explain what behaviours to adopt, how to integrate them into routines, and why they matter for child development.

Each 5-6-minute video is divided into three segments, each focusing on specific parenting practices. Instructions to pause and discuss key points encourage two-way communication between AWWs and viewers, allowing space for questions and reflections. A well-known Telangana-based narrator (sutradhaar) concludes each video with key takeaways and actionable steps. Shorter 1-2-minute versions were also created from the main videos to reinforce specific behaviours and shared directly with caregivers.

Feedback on video content: During the production and post-production phases of the video content development, stakeholders from ICDS, UNICEF and the Sangath team iteratively provided feedback to the creative team. These recommendations on organization of visuals in each video, language used in scripts, voice modulation, and cultural diversity of content were used to refine the videos.

Implementation of Aalana Palana Training plan: In consultation with ICDS and UNICEF, a capacity-building plan was developed and integrated into AWWs' existing training schedules. A three-day, four-hour-per-day training was conducted, emphasizing experiential learning and role plays. Content included session plans, learning objectives, and required competencies for delivering Aalana Palana. Topics covered included the importance of early childhood, responsive caregiving, Aalana Palana's goals and content, two-way communication, delivery processes, and supportive supervision. Videos were uploaded onto AWWs' phones via external drives, and they were trained to select age-appropriate videos for sessions.

In December 2021, 30 AWWs from three ICDS projects, along with their supervisors and Child Development Project Officers, underwent in-person training. Pre and post-tests were done at the beginning and end of each training day to understand any changes in knowledge and obtain feedback about sessions from AWWs.

Session delivery: Qualitative research conducted during the formative stage of Aalana Palana highlighted challenges on time use and workload of AWWs. One of the mitigation strategies that emerged during further consultations with AWWs which could facilitate effective implementation of Aalana Palana was the prioritisation of group over individual counselling sessions. Evidence also indicated benefits of parenting interventions involving group-based sessions on child outcomes, particularly in LMICs. Based on this, AWWs were encouraged to use the Aalana Palana videos primarily during group-based counselling sessions. AWWs started delivering Aalana Palana sessions from January, 2022.

Supportive supervision: The Aalana Palana team conducted at least one in-person supervision visit per month for all 30 AWWs and used a semi-structured questionnaire to observe the sessions. To record session delivery, stickers were placed next to the names of caregivers in existing registers maintained by AWWs.

Building on global evidence and contextual relevance, this protocol outlines a study to implement and evaluate Aalana Palana, a culturally adapted, video-facilitated parenting intervention for caregivers of young children in Telangana, India. The intervention is designed to promote responsive caregiving practices and optimal nutrition in the early years of life. Aalana Palana will be integrated within the existing framework of the ICDS and delivered by frontline community-based workers, specifically trained AWWs. By embedding the intervention within routine maternal and child care services and utilizing pre-loaded video content as the primary delivery modality, the program aims to enhance fidelity, reduce provider burden, and improve caregiver engagement. This study will assess the effectiveness of the intervention in improving child developmental outcomes and the home caregiving environment, and will examine its feasibility as a scalable, low-cost solution for low-resource settings.