Mindfulness and Compassion Program for the Improvement of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, Academic Performance and School Climate in Students in the Last Cycle of Primary Education.

In recent years, special interest has been given to the social and emotional development of students due to the high prevalence of mental health problems, low academic motivation, school dropout, bullying and school aggression during late childhood and early adolescence. During this stage, students experience the transition from childhood to adolescence, which entails important biological, neurodevelopmental, social and psychological changes that can be difficult to cope with. The scientific literature indicates that there is a high prevalence of mental health disorders that affect the quality of life in childhood and that, if not adequately treated, can be maintained and aggravated during the adolescent years. On the other hand, data on school coexistence is relevant given the great impact it has on students' academic learning and personal development. As a result, problems related to understanding, respect and care for oneself and others are becoming increasingly important in the school population.

In view of the above, it is important to implement prevention and early intervention strategies that promote the proper overall development of students in order to prevent the effects of behavioural and emotional alterations that could lead to mental and physical health problems during this period of life and provide them with sufficient tools to deal with the various situations that arise in both the academic and personal spheres.

A growing number of studies suggest that Mindfulness-Based Interventions (hereafter MBI) produce numerous benefits such as improved attention, concentration emotional intelligence, self-control and reduced or prevented symptoms of anxiety and depression.

In addition, different studies find that more self-compassionate people experience higher levels of happiness, life satisfaction, emotional intelligence, acceptance and less fear of failure, depression and stress. On an interpersonal level, they show greater social connectedness, more tolerance for the imperfections of others and a greater willingness to help those in need.

The study population is Aragonese learners aged 10-12 years in the 5th and 6th grades of primary school. The total sample size needed has been calculated assuming a moderate effect of the mindfulness and compassion programme versus the control group on the main variable "emotional and behavioural problems" in the post-treatment. With a 1:1 allocation ratio, a statistical power of 80%, a bilateral alpha of 0.05, and a standard effect size d = 0.40 when comparing the two arms, a total of 198 participants (99 per group) were obtained; assuming a 10% drop-out rate at follow-up, the total required sample size was set at approximately 220 participants (about 110 per group to be randomised through the Epidat programme). On the other hand, the participation of a parent or guardian of each pupil will be requested, for a total of 220 family members. Finally, the tutors of each class, around 8 teachers, will be involved.

Variables assessed included emotional and behavioural problems, compassion and academic performance. Assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention, and at a three months follow-up.

Socio-demographic characteristics will be described by means of mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages, according to their distribution. Comparisons will be made to verify that there are no differences at baseline, using the t-test and the chi-square test. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be performed for both the primary measure "Child and Adolescent Assessment System, SENA" and the secondary measures, "CSC and academic achievement" by intention to treat (ITT), on the outcome variables after the intervention and on the follow-up measure. The baseline scores of the corresponding dependent variable, and those socio-demographic factors that show significant differences between the two groups at the first measurement point, will be included as covariates. The effect size will be calculated using the partial eta squared value. Values ≤ 0.01 correspond to a low effect size, = 0.06 to a medium effect size and ≥ 0.14 to a large effect size. Contrasts will be made between the pre-test and post-test measures for each group separately, using the corresponding t-test. The level of significance adopted will be α < 0.05.

To analyse the qualitative data "semi-structured global impression interview" two researchers will independently conduct thematic content analysis on the textual corpus following the constant comparison method (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), and developing an initial list of codes. Discrepancies between codings will be resolved by discussion, adjusting the initial list of codes until a common conceptual name is used. Similar codes will be grouped into a single underlying theme in order to represent a more parsimonious solution, allowing the emerging conceptual structure to gain in density. This latter categorisation will be specifically reviewed for discrepancies, resolving possible disagreements and resulting in a final update of the list of themes.