Dysmenorrhea PrimaryNCT07080580
Vibration-Assisted Core Exercises for Primary Dysmenorrhea
A study testing Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platform in people with Dysmenorrhea Primary, run by Ebru Aloğlu Çiftçi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study aims to evaluate the effects of core stabilization exercises performed on a vibration platform in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. The exercises are designed to help reduce menstrual symptoms and pain, and to improve attitudes toward menstruation, functional and emotional well-being, and quality of… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 35 years, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Dysmenorrhea Primary
- What is being tested?
- Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platform
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 20 Apr 2023to 17 Sep 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 35 years
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Being in the 18-28 age group.
- Being diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea on an ultrasound examination.
- Having a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 19-24.9.
- Describing pain intensity as 5 or higher on the VAS pain scale.
- Having regular menstrual cycles (every 21-35 days and no intermenstrual bleeding) for the past 6 months.
- Being willing to participate in the study.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Being cooperative and oriented.
- Not having had any fractures, dislocations, or joint injuries in the past 6 months.
- Not having had any surgery in the past 6 months.
Who cannot join
- Having a systemic or chronic disease,
- Being a professional athlete,
- Having secondary dysmenorrhea,
- Using oral contraceptives,
- Being pregnant,
- Having an orthopedic, neurological, rheumatological, or cardiovascular problem that prevents exercise,
- Having any balance problems (vertigo, etc.) that prevent exercise.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Istanbul Okan University
Istanbul, Tuzla, 34959
About this study
Official title: Effects of Vibration-Assisted Core Stabilization Exercises on Menstrual Symptoms, Pain, and Quality of Life in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aims to evaluate the effects of core stabilization exercises performed on a vibration platform in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. The exercises are designed to help reduce menstrual symptoms and pain, and to improve attitudes toward menstruation, functional and emotional well-being, and quality of life. A total of 24 women participated in the study. Participants were assigned either to a group receiving vibration-assisted core exercises or to a control group receiving no intervention. The intervention lasted 8 weeks, with sessions held three times per week.
Read the detailed description
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological condition characterized by uterine-origin lower abdominal pain during or before menstruation in the absence of any pelvic pathology. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of a core exercise (CE) program performed on a vibration-supported platform on pain intensity, menstrual attitudes, quality of life, and functional and emotional status in women with PD. A total of 24 women aged 18 to 35 years participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=12) or a control group (n=12). The intervention group performed vibration-assisted CE on a portable platform three times per week for eight weeks. The control group received no intervention. All participants were evaluated within the first 48 hours of the menstrual cycle, with follow-up assessments at weeks 4, and a final evaluation at the end of week 8.
- Conditions
- Dysmenorrhea Primary
- Being tested
- Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platform
- Keywords
- Vibration, dysmenorrhea primary, core exercise, whole body vibration
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platformBehavioural
It's a method where individuals stand on a vibration-generating platform and the vibration is transmitted from the soles of their feet to the entire body. Its use in combination with exercise has become popular in recent years due to the hypergravity it creates, aiming to increase muscle strength and reduce pain.
There is no standardized protocol for the frequency, amplitude, and frequency of vibration application. However, it is known that when applied at frequencies between 10-30 Hz, it has no negative side effects and is beneficial in managing pain. In our study, core exercises will be performed on a vibration platform at a frequency of 14 Hz with an amplitude of 8 mm.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Whole Body Vibration | Experimental | The vibration group performed core exercises with vibration at 8 mm amplitude and 14 Hz frequency, 3 days a week for 8 weeks (24 sessions). Each session lasted 45-60 minutes, including a 10-minute warm-up (walking) and a 5-minute cool-down (stretching). Vibration time started at 15 minutes and increased to 30 minutes. Eight core exercises (bridge exercise, plank, cat-camel exercise, crunches, side-bends, heel drops, squats, half push-ups) were applied, with repetitions increased every 2 weeks: 8 reps in weeks 1-2, 10 reps in weeks 3-4, 12 reps in weeks 5-6, and 15 reps in weeks 7-8. A 30-second rest was given between exercises. Receives: Behavioral: Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platform |
| Control Group | No intervention | No intervention was applied to the control group. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Functional and Emotional Status Assessment (Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale)
The Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale was used to assess participants' dysmenorrhea experiences functionally and emotionally. The scale is a Likert-type scale consisting of 14 items and two subscales. Each item can be scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria are: 1. Not at all like my situation, 2. Not at all like my situation, 3. Both similar and not like my situation, 4. Similar to my situation, 5. Very similar to my situation. As the total score on the scale increases, the extent to which individuals are functionally and emotionally affected by dysmenorrhea also increases.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Menstruation Symptoms (Menstruation Symptom Scale)
In our study, the Menstrual Symptom Scale, a useful tool for assessing menstrual symptoms in Turkish women and found to have adequate validity and reliability, was used to assess participants' symptoms. The scale consists of 22 items developed to assess dysmenorrhea and its symptoms. Each item can be scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria range from 1 (never) to 5 (always). It consists of three subscales: items 1-13 address negative effects/somatic complaints, items 14-19 address menstrual pain symptoms, and items 20-22 address coping strategies. The subscale score is calculated by calculating the total mean score of the items in the subscales. A higher mean score for a subscale indicates an increase in the severity of menstrual symptoms related to that subscale. The mean score calculated from the scale is directly proportional to the severity of menstrual symptoms.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Menstruation Attitudes (Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire)
In our study, we used the Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire to measure attitudes toward menstruation in individuals with dysmenorrhea and varying socio-demographic characteristics. The scale is a Likert-type scale consisting of 33 items and 5 subscales. Each item is scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria range from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). The subscales and number of items are as follows: 1. Menstruation as a debilitating phenomenon (12 items); 2. Menstruation as a disturbing phenomenon (6 items); 3. Menstruation as a natural phenomenon (5 items); 4. Precognition/Anticipation of menstruation (5 items); and 5. Denial of the effects of menstruation (7 items). A high mean score on the Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire is directly proportional to the positive attitude toward menstruation.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Secondary outcomes (5)
Pain Intensity (Visual Analog Scale)
VAS is a frequently used assessment method for converting the intensity of pain, which cannot be measured numerically, into numerical data. Pain intensity is assessed on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating unbearable pain.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Quality of Life Assessment (Short Form-36 Scale)
The SF-36 is a self-assessment tool consisting of eight subscales and 36 questions. This tool is grouped to assess participants' physical functioning (10 items), physical limitations (4 items), emotional limitations (3 items), pain limitations (2 items), vitality (4 items), social functioning (2 items), mental health (5 items), and general health (5 items). Each subscale can be scored from 0 to 100. In this scoring system, 0 represents the lowest quality of life, and 100 represents the best.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Sorenson Test)
In the Sorenson Test, participants were positioned prone, their pelvises positioned at the edge of the table, and their ankles were stabilized. The upper extremities were positioned next to the torso. The time the participant could maintain the horizontal position was measured with a stopwatch. The test was terminated if the position could not be maintained.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Sit-up testi)
In the sit-up test, the maximum number of correct repetitions that the subjects perform within a 30-second time period is recorded.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Lateral Bridge Test-Right and Left)
The Side Bridge Test was performed to assess the endurance of the spinal stabilizer muscles. Participants were positioned in a side-lying position. They were asked to lift their hips until the pelvis and trunk were horizontal. The time the position was maintained was measured with a stopwatch, and the assessment was performed on both sides.
Measured: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Jul 2025
- Study start20 Apr 2023
- Primary completion17 Aug 2024
- Study completion17 Sep 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Dysmenorrhea PrimaryStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ebru Aloğlu Çiftçi
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Ebru Aloğlu Çiftçi, Istinye University
- Investigators
- EBRU ALOĞLU ÇİFTÇİ, Lecturer, Principal investigator, Okan University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07080580
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- EAloglu02
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 15 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 25 Jul 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: The study will share de-identified, summary-level outcome data, including group-level means, standard deviations, effect sizes, and p-values derived from statistical analyses.
Publications
Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, Lea R, Robert M; SOGC. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Dec;27(12):1117-46. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30395-4. English, French.
PubMed 16524531Hoseini, M., Gharahtapeh, S. R., Jahazi, A. 2015 "Effect Of Vibration And Heat Combination On Primary Dysmenorrhea" Bali Medical Journal, 4(1), 12-16.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Jul 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Vibration-Assisted Core Stabilization Exercises on Menstrual Symptoms, Pain, and Quality of Life in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07080580
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- EAloglu02
- Conditions
- Dysmenorrhea Primary
- Keywords
- Vibration, dysmenorrhea primary, core exercise, whole body vibration
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ebru Aloğlu ÇiftçiUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
- Study start
- 20 Apr 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 17 Aug 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 17 Sep 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to evaluate the effects of core stabilization exercises performed on a vibration platform in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. The exercises are designed to help reduce menstrual symptoms and pain, and to improve attitudes toward menstruation, functional and emotional well-being, and quality of life. A total of 24 women participated in the study. Participants were assigned either to a group receiving vibration-assisted core exercises or to a control group receiving no intervention. The intervention lasted 8 weeks, with sessions held three times per week.
Detailed description
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological condition characterized by uterine-origin lower abdominal pain during or before menstruation in the absence of any pelvic pathology. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of a core exercise (CE) program performed on a vibration-supported platform on pain intensity, menstrual attitudes, quality of life, and functional and emotional status in women with PD. A total of 24 women aged 18 to 35 years participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=12) or a control group (n=12). The intervention group performed vibration-assisted CE on a portable platform three times per week for eight weeks. The control group received no intervention. All participants were evaluated within the first 48 hours of the menstrual cycle, with follow-up assessments at weeks 4, and a final evaluation at the end of week 8.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Whole Body Vibration | Experimental | Behavioral: Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platformThe vibration group performed core exercises with vibration at 8 mm amplitude and 14 Hz frequency, 3 days a week for 8 weeks (24 sessions). Each session lasted 45-60 minutes, including a 10-minute warm-up (walking) and a 5-minute cool-down (stretching). Vibration time started at 15 minutes and increased to 30 minutes. Eight core exercises (bridge exercise, plank, cat-camel exercise, crunches, side-bends, heel drops, squats, half push-ups) were applied, with repetitions increased every 2 weeks: 8 reps in weeks 1-2, 10 reps in weeks 3-4, 12 reps in weeks 5-6, and 15 reps in weeks 7-8. A 30-second rest was given between exercises. |
| Control Group | No intervention | –No intervention was applied to the control group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 35 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Being in the 18-28 age group.
- Being diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea on an ultrasound examination.
- Having a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 19-24.9.
- Describing pain intensity as 5 or higher on the VAS pain scale.
- Having regular menstrual cycles (every 21-35 days and no intermenstrual bleeding) for the past 6 months.
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Having a systemic or chronic disease,
- Being a professional athlete,
- Having secondary dysmenorrhea,
- Using oral contraceptives,
- Being pregnant,
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platformIt's a method where individuals stand on a vibration-generating platform and the vibration is transmitted from the soles of their feet to the entire body. Its use in combination with exercise has become popular in recent years due to the hypergravity it creates, aiming to increase muscle strength and reduce pain. There is no standardized protocol for the frequency, amplitude, and frequency of vibration application. However, it is known that when applied at frequencies between 10-30 Hz, it has no negative side effects and is beneficial in managing pain. In our study, core exercises will be performed on a vibration platform at a frequency of 14 Hz with an amplitude of 8 mm. | Behavioural | Whole Body Vibration |
Primary outcome
Functional and Emotional Status Assessment (Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
The Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale was used to assess participants' dysmenorrhea experiences functionally and emotionally. The scale is a Likert-type scale consisting of 14 items and two subscales. Each item can be scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria are: 1. Not at all like my situation, 2. Not at all like my situation, 3. Both similar and not like my situation, 4. Similar to my situation, 5. Very similar to my situation. As the total score on the scale increases, the extent to which individuals are functionally and emotionally affected by dysmenorrhea also increases.
Menstruation Symptoms (Menstruation Symptom Scale)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
In our study, the Menstrual Symptom Scale, a useful tool for assessing menstrual symptoms in Turkish women and found to have adequate validity and reliability, was used to assess participants' symptoms. The scale consists of 22 items developed to assess dysmenorrhea and its symptoms. Each item can be scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria range from 1 (never) to 5 (always). It consists of three subscales: items 1-13 address negative effects/somatic complaints, items 14-19 address menstrual pain symptoms, and items 20-22 address coping strategies. The subscale score is calculated by calculating the total mean score of the items in the subscales. A higher mean score for a subscale indicates an increase in the severity of menstrual symptoms related to that subscale. The mean score calculated from the scale is directly proportional to the severity of menstrual symptoms.
Menstruation Attitudes (Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
In our study, we used the Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire to measure attitudes toward menstruation in individuals with dysmenorrhea and varying socio-demographic characteristics. The scale is a Likert-type scale consisting of 33 items and 5 subscales. Each item is scored from 1 to 5. Scoring criteria range from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). The subscales and number of items are as follows: 1. Menstruation as a debilitating phenomenon (12 items); 2. Menstruation as a disturbing phenomenon (6 items); 3. Menstruation as a natural phenomenon (5 items); 4. Precognition/Anticipation of menstruation (5 items); and 5. Denial of the effects of menstruation (7 items). A high mean score on the Menstruation Attitude Questionnaire is directly proportional to the positive attitude toward menstruation.
5 secondary outcomes
Pain Intensity (Visual Analog Scale)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Quality of Life Assessment (Short Form-36 Scale)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Sorenson Test)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Sit-up testi)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Trunk endurance assessment (Lateral Bridge Test-Right and Left)
Time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Jul 2025.
- Background: PubMed 16524531Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, Lea R, Robert M; SOGC. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Dec;27(12):1117-46. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30395-4. English, French.
- BackgroundHoseini, M., Gharahtapeh, S. R., Jahazi, A. 2015 "Effect Of Vibration And Heat Combination On Primary Dysmenorrhea" Bali Medical Journal, 4(1), 12-16.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. The study will share de-identified, summary-level outcome data, including group-level means, standard deviations, effect sizes, and p-values derived from statistical analyses.
Related trials for Dysmenorrhea Primary
Not yet recruiting
Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD), Menstrual Pain
Recruiting
The Effect of Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach and Yoga in Adolescents With Dysmenorrhoea
Dysmenorrhea, Primary Dysmenorrhea
Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Symptom Severity
Dysmenorrhea Primary
Not yet recruiting
Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain and Anxiety in Women With Dysmenorrhea
Primary Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Pain
Not yet recruiting
Whole-Body Vibration and Aerobic Exercise for Primary Dysmenorrhea in Young Adult Women
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
EBRU ALOĞLU ÇİFTÇİ, Lecturer principal investigator
Okan University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Core exercises performed simultaneously on a whole body vibration platform in people with Dysmenorrhea Primary, run by Ebru Aloğlu Çiftçi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Jul 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Functional and Emotional Status Assessment (Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale) (time frame: First 48 hours of the menstrual cycle (pre-intervention), week 4 (post-intervention), week 8 (post-intervention)). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07080580, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Jul 2025.