Nursing StudentNursingProcessNCT07098442
The Effect of "Standardized and Real Patient Interviews" on Students' Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy Levels in Nursing Process Education
A study testing Online Interview Group and Clinical Real Patient Group in people with Nursing Student, run by Akdeniz University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The research is a single-center, single-blind (participant), pretest-posttest control group randomized controlled study conducted to determine the effect of meeting with a "standard and real patient" on students' self-confidence and self-efficacy levels in the teaching of the nursing process. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age
- Conditions the study is for
- Nursing Student
- What is being tested?
- Online Interview Group and Clinical Real Patient Group
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 83 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 15 Sep 2021to 30 Jan 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- No prior experience in clinical practice
- Taking the Fundamentals of Nursing course for the first time,
- Attending the theoretical explanation of the Nursing Process within the Fundamentals of Nursing course and the history-taking skills demonstration given by the instructor.
Who cannot join
- Refusing to participate in the study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The research is a single-center, single-blind (participant), pretest-posttest control group randomized controlled study conducted to determine the effect of meeting with a "standard and real patient" on students' self-confidence and self-efficacy levels in the teaching of the nursing process.
Read the detailed description
The study, designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial, was conducted with 83 students at Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing: 27 "online standardized patient," 30 "clinical real patient," and 26 "control group." The Nursing Process topic within the Fundamentals of Nursing course was taught as usual, with 4 hours of theoretical and 8 hours of laboratory practice. One month before the beginning of clinical practice training, students in the "online standardized patient" and "clinical real patient" groups practiced history taking skills with a standardized patient and a pre-selected real patient for 40 minutes. Students in both groups and the control group then practiced interviewing skills at the beginning of the clinical practice training. The effectiveness of the training was measured using the Self-Confidence Scale, the Self-Assessment Form for Learning Experience, and the Interviewing Skills Evaluation Form.
- Conditions
- Nursing Student
- Being tested
- Control Group, Online Interview Group, Clinical Real Patient Group
- Keywords
- Nursing Education, Nursing Process, Clinical Education
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Control GroupBehavioural
On the first clinical day, students had a 30-45 minute meeting with the patient they were responsible for, which included the instructor.
Online Interview GroupBehavioural
Before the Interview
- Preliminary briefings were given by providing a scenario for the standard patient to be interviewed.
- Students were given the "Interview Guide," "Nursing Process Case Example," and "Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview" documents and were asked to read them before the interview.
Interview
- Students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with a pre-determined standard patient.
After the Interview
- The instructor, who monitored the interview, debriefed the students.
- On the first clinical day after the intervention, students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with the patient they were responsible for, which included the instructor.
Clinical Real Patient GroupBehavioural
Before the Interview
- Patients who were willing to be interviewed in the clinic, stable, and physically and psychologically competent were selected, and the faculty member who would monitor the interview provided preliminary information about the interview.
- Students were provided with the "Interview Guide," "Nursing Process Case Example," and "Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview" documents and were asked to read them before the interview.
Interview
- Students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with a real patient in the pre-determined clinic.
After the Interview
- The faculty member who monitored the interview debriefed the students.
- On the first clinical day after the intervention, students had a 30-45 minute interview with the patient for whom they were responsible, which included the faculty member.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Online Standart Patient | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Online Interview Group |
| Clinical Real Patient | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Clinical Real Patient Group |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Control Group |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Self-efficacy
General Self-Efficacy Scale: The scale consists of 17 items and three subscales: "initiation," "perseverance," and "effort-persistence." The measurement tool includes 11 reverse-scored items (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 17). The total score on the Likert-type scale ranges from 17 to 85. A higher total score indicates a higher self-efficacy belief.
Measured: It was applied at the first interview with the patient after randomization and immediately after the last interview. (The period between the first interview before going to the clinic and the last interview after clinical application is 3 months).
Self confidence
The Self-Confidence Scale was used to determine students' self-confidence levels. The total score obtained from the 33-item, 5-point Likert-type scale ranges from 33 to 165. The individual's self-confidence level is calculated by dividing the total score by the number of items (33). A score below 2.5 indicates low self-confidence, a score between 2.5 and 3.5 indicates moderate self-confidence, and a score above 3.5 indicates high self-confidence.
Measured: It was applied at the first interview with the patient after randomization and immediately after the last interview. (The period between the first interview before going to the clinic and the last interview after clinical application is 3 months).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Aug 2025
- Study start15 Sep 2021
- Primary completion15 Nov 2021
- Study completion30 Jan 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Nursing StudentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Akdeniz UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- The study designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 83 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Akdeniz University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hilal Gamze Hakbilen, Akdeniz University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07098442
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AkdUni
- Acronym
- NursingProcess
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 17 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 1 Aug 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Since the study has not yet been published in the literature, we do not prefer to share it.
Publications
Wilson RD, Klein JD, Hagler D. Computer-based or human patient simulation-based case analysis: which works better for teaching diagnostic reasoning skills? Nurs Educ Perspect. 2014 Jan-Feb;35(1):14-8. doi: 10.5480/11-515.1.
PubMed 24716336Olaussen C, Heggdal K, Tvedt CR. Elements in scenario-based simulation associated with nursing students' self-confidence and satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Open. 2019 Sep 27;7(1):170-179. doi: 10.1002/nop2.375. eCollection 2020 Jan.
PubMed 31871700Labrague LJ, McEnroe-Petitte DM, Bowling AM, Nwafor CE, Tsaras K. High-fidelity simulation and nursing students' anxiety and self-confidence: A systematic review. Nurs Forum. 2019 Jul;54(3):358-368. doi: 10.1111/nuf.12337. Epub 2019 Mar 10.
PubMed 30852844Ozdemir NG, Kaya H. The effectiveness of high-fidelity simulation methods to gain Foley catheterization knowledge, skills, satisfaction and self-confidence among novice nursing students: A randomized controlled trial. Nurse Educ Today. 2023 Nov;130:105952. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105952. Epub 2023 Aug 23.
PubMed 37639878Sarmasoglu S, Dinc L, Elcin M. Using Standardized Patients in Nursing Education: Effects on Students' Psychomotor Skill Development. Nurse Educ. 2016 Mar-Apr;41(2):E1-5. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000188.
PubMed 26102639Ordu Y, Caliskan N. The impact of a web-based mind map learning technique on students' nursing knowledge of the nursing process. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2023 Apr;34(2):108-115. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12374. Epub 2022 May 20.
PubMed 35593697Johnson KV, Scott AL, Franks L. Impact of Standardized Patients on First Semester Nursing Students Self-Confidence, Satisfaction, and Communication in a Simulated Clinical Case. SAGE Open Nurs. 2020 Jun 10;6:2377960820930153. doi: 10.1177/2377960820930153. eCollection 2020 Jan-Dec.
PubMed 33415284
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Aug 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of "Standardized and Real Patient Interviews" on Students' Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy Levels in Nursing Process Education
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07098442
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NursingProcess / AkdUni
- Conditions
- Nursing Student
- Keywords
- Nursing Education, Nursing Process, Clinical Education
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 83 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Akdeniz UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jan 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The research is a single-center, single-blind (participant), pretest-posttest control group randomized controlled study conducted to determine the effect of meeting with a "standard and real patient" on students' self-confidence and self-efficacy levels in the teaching of the nursing process.
Detailed description
The study, designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial, was conducted with 83 students at Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing: 27 "online standardized patient," 30 "clinical real patient," and 26 "control group." The Nursing Process topic within the Fundamentals of Nursing course was taught as usual, with 4 hours of theoretical and 8 hours of laboratory practice. One month before the beginning of clinical practice training, students in the "online standardized patient" and "clinical real patient" groups practiced history taking skills with a standardized patient and a pre-selected real patient for 40 minutes. Students in both groups and the control group then practiced interviewing skills at the beginning of the clinical practice training. The effectiveness of the training was measured using the Self-Confidence Scale, the Self-Assessment Form for Learning Experience, and the Interviewing Skills Evaluation Form.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- The study designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Online Standart Patient | Experimental | Behavioral: Online Interview Group |
| Clinical Real Patient | Experimental | Behavioral: Clinical Real Patient Group |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Control Group |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- No prior experience in clinical practice
- Taking the Fundamentals of Nursing course for the first time,
- Attending the theoretical explanation of the Nursing Process within the Fundamentals of Nursing course and the history-taking skills demonstration given by the instructor.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Refusing to participate in the study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Control GroupOn the first clinical day, students had a 30-45 minute meeting with the patient they were responsible for, which included the instructor. | Behavioural | Control Group |
| Online Interview GroupBefore the Interview * Preliminary briefings were given by providing a scenario for the standard patient to be interviewed. * Students were given the "Interview Guide," "Nursing Process Case Example," and "Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview" documents and were asked to read them before the interview. Interview • Students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with a pre-determined standard patient. After the Interview * The instructor, who monitored the interview, debriefed the students. * On the first clinical day after the intervention, students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with the patient they were responsible for, which included the instructor. | Behavioural | Online Standart Patient |
| Clinical Real Patient GroupBefore the Interview * Patients who were willing to be interviewed in the clinic, stable, and physically and psychologically competent were selected, and the faculty member who would monitor the interview provided preliminary information about the interview. * Students were provided with the "Interview Guide," "Nursing Process Case Example," and "Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview" documents and were asked to read them before the interview. Interview • Students conducted a 30-45 minute interview with a real patient in the pre-determined clinic. After the Interview * The faculty member who monitored the interview debriefed the students. * On the first clinical day after the intervention, students had a 30-45 minute interview with the patient for whom they were responsible, which included the faculty member. | Behavioural | Clinical Real Patient |
Primary outcome
Self-efficacy
Time frame: It was applied at the first interview with the patient after randomization and immediately after the last interview. (The period between the first interview before going to the clinic and the last interview after clinical application is 3 months).
General Self-Efficacy Scale: The scale consists of 17 items and three subscales: "initiation," "perseverance," and "effort-persistence." The measurement tool includes 11 reverse-scored items (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 17). The total score on the Likert-type scale ranges from 17 to 85. A higher total score indicates a higher self-efficacy belief.
Self confidence
Time frame: It was applied at the first interview with the patient after randomization and immediately after the last interview. (The period between the first interview before going to the clinic and the last interview after clinical application is 3 months).
The Self-Confidence Scale was used to determine students' self-confidence levels. The total score obtained from the 33-item, 5-point Likert-type scale ranges from 33 to 165. The individual's self-confidence level is calculated by dividing the total score by the number of items (33). A score below 2.5 indicates low self-confidence, a score between 2.5 and 3.5 indicates moderate self-confidence, and a score above 3.5 indicates high self-confidence.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Aug 2025.
- Background: PubMed 24716336Wilson RD, Klein JD, Hagler D. Computer-based or human patient simulation-based case analysis: which works better for teaching diagnostic reasoning skills? Nurs Educ Perspect. 2014 Jan-Feb;35(1):14-8. doi: 10.5480/11-515.1.
- Background: PubMed 31871700Olaussen C, Heggdal K, Tvedt CR. Elements in scenario-based simulation associated with nursing students' self-confidence and satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Open. 2019 Sep 27;7(1):170-179. doi: 10.1002/nop2.375. eCollection 2020 Jan.
- Background: PubMed 30852844Labrague LJ, McEnroe-Petitte DM, Bowling AM, Nwafor CE, Tsaras K. High-fidelity simulation and nursing students' anxiety and self-confidence: A systematic review. Nurs Forum. 2019 Jul;54(3):358-368. doi: 10.1111/nuf.12337. Epub 2019 Mar 10.
- Background: PubMed 37639878Ozdemir NG, Kaya H. The effectiveness of high-fidelity simulation methods to gain Foley catheterization knowledge, skills, satisfaction and self-confidence among novice nursing students: A randomized controlled trial. Nurse Educ Today. 2023 Nov;130:105952. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105952. Epub 2023 Aug 23.
- Background: PubMed 26102639Sarmasoglu S, Dinc L, Elcin M. Using Standardized Patients in Nursing Education: Effects on Students' Psychomotor Skill Development. Nurse Educ. 2016 Mar-Apr;41(2):E1-5. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000188.
- Background: PubMed 35593697Ordu Y, Caliskan N. The impact of a web-based mind map learning technique on students' nursing knowledge of the nursing process. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2023 Apr;34(2):108-115. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12374. Epub 2022 May 20.
- Background: PubMed 33415284Johnson KV, Scott AL, Franks L. Impact of Standardized Patients on First Semester Nursing Students Self-Confidence, Satisfaction, and Communication in a Simulated Clinical Case. SAGE Open Nurs. 2020 Jun 10;6:2377960820930153. doi: 10.1177/2377960820930153. eCollection 2020 Jan-Dec.
- Akın, A. (2016). Development and Psychometric Properties of Self-Confidence Scale. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Education, 7(2).Link provided by the sponsor.
- Yıldırım, F., \& İlhan, İ. Ö. (2010). Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of the general self-efficacy scale. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21(4), 301-308.Link provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Since the study has not yet been published in the literature, we do not prefer to share it.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Online Interview Group and Clinical Real Patient Group in people with Nursing Student, run by Akdeniz University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Aug 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Self-efficacy (time frame: It was applied at the first interview with the patient after randomization and immediately after the last interview. (The period between the first interview before going to the clinic and the last interview after clinical application is 3 months).). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07098442, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Aug 2025.