Sports Physical TherapyNCT07101276
Effect of Core Muscle Endurance on Punch Speed and Force in Boxers
An observational study of Sports Physical Therapy, run by Cyprus International University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This cross-sectional within-subject design study aimed to investigate the contribution of core muscles to punch speed and power among highly trained licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 35 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Sports Physical Therapy
- How many people
- 15 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 Jun 2021to 12 Feb 2022
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 35 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: Licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus
Who may be able to join
- Licensed boxers aged 18-35 years
- Free of injuries
- No history of surgery, visual, or vestibular disorders
Who cannot join
- Presence of any injury
- History of surgery, visual, or vestibular disorders
- Outside the age range of 18-35 years
- Not holding a valid boxing license
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Cyprus International University
Mersin, Lefkosa, 99040
About this study
This cross-sectional within-subject design study aimed to investigate the contribution of core muscles to punch speed and power among highly trained licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus.
Read the detailed description
From a biomechanical point of view, the high-impact force generated by the lower limbs in boxers is transferred through the stiff kinetic chain, which is stabilised by the core muscles to transform into a powerful punch in the upper extremity. Despite these essential functions, there is a lack of research on the effect of core muscles in boxing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the contribution of core muscles in punching, and it was hypothesised that the endurance of trunk flexors, extensors, and lateral muscles on the dominant and non-dominant sides has a substantial contribution to punch speed and power in boxers.
- Conditions
- Sports Physical Therapy
- Being tested
- No intervention
- Keywords
- Core Muscle, Endurance, Punch speed, Boxer, Performance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
No interventionOther
No intervention will be performed in this study.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Licensed Boxers | Highly trained licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus Receives: Other: No intervention |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Endurance of trunk flexor muscles
The athlete will be positioned on a flat surface. The tester will stabilise the feet while the hip and knee joints are placed at 90 degrees of flexion. The upper extremities will be crossed over the shoulders, bringing the trunk into approximately 60-degree flexion.
Measured: 1 hour
Endurance of trunk extensor muscles
Subjects will lie prone with the lower body fixed to the test bed at the ankles, knees, and hips, and the upper body extended in a cantilevered fashion over the edge of the test bed. At the beginning of the exertion, the upper limbs will be held across the chest with the hands resting on the opposite shoulders, and the upper body will be lifted until the thoracic region is horizontal to the floor.
Measured: 1 hour
Endurance of Lateral Trunk (Oblique) Muscles
Subjects will lie on an exercise mat on their sides with legs extended. The top foot will be placed in front of the lower foot on the mat for support. Subjects will be instructed to support themselves by lifting their hips off the mat to maintain a straight line over their whole body length, and support themselves on one elbow and their feet. The uninvolved arm will be held across the chest with the hand placed on the opposite shoulder.
Measured: 1 hour
Evaluation of Punch Speed and Power
The rear direct punch type will be selected for the test. Punch speed and power will be tested using the Corner Accelerometer (Corner Wearables Ltd / UK), which has been found suitable for tracking punches. The devices will be fixed to both wrists of the boxers with Velcro and paired with the Corner mobile app via Bluetooth. Subjects will perform three rounds of shadow boxing using standard boxing gloves, with five minutes of rest between rounds for warm-up and device checking. Finally, the athletes will be asked to throw a total of five rear direct punches to the boxing bag using their dominant side, and the device will record the parameters of each punch separately and simultaneously, including speed in meters per second (m/sec) and power in gravitational force units (G-force). Of the five punches thrown, the fastest and most powerful will be selected for analysis.
Measured: 1 hour
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Aug 2025
- Study start10 Jun 2021
- Primary completion14 Oct 2021
- Study completion12 Feb 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Sports Physical TherapyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 15 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Cyprus International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mehmet Miçooğulları, Cyprus International University
- Investigators
- Salih Angın, Prof. Dr., Study director, Cyprus International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07101276
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 020-4522
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 28 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 3 Aug 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: Undecided
Publications
Dunn EC, Humberstone CE, Franchini E, Iredale KF, Blazevich AJ. Relationships Between Punch Impact Force and Upper- and Lower-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Highly Trained Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Apr 1;36(4):1019-1025. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003585.
PubMed 32218063Rodriguez-Perea A, Reyes-Ferrada W, Jerez-Mayorga D, Chirosa Rios L, Van den Tillar R, Chirosa Rios I, Martinez-Garcia D. Core training and performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2023 Oct;40(4):975-992. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.123319. Epub 2023 Feb 3.
PubMed 37867742Shinkle J, Nesser TW, Demchak TJ, McMannus DM. Effect of core strength on the measure of power in the extremities. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Feb;26(2):373-80. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822600e5.
PubMed 22228111Akuthota V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Mar;85(3 Suppl 1):S86-92. doi: 10.1053/j.apmr.2003.12.005.
PubMed 15034861Beattie K, Ruddock AD. The Role of Strength on Punch Impact Force in Boxing. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Oct 1;36(10):2957-2969. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004252. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
PubMed 35836314
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Aug 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Core Muscle Endurance on Punch Speed and Force in Boxers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07101276
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 020-4522
- Conditions
- Sports Physical Therapy
- Keywords
- Core Muscle, Endurance, Punch speed, Boxer, Performance
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 15 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Cyprus International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Jun 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 14 Oct 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 12 Feb 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This cross-sectional within-subject design study aimed to investigate the contribution of core muscles to punch speed and power among highly trained licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus.
Detailed description
From a biomechanical point of view, the high-impact force generated by the lower limbs in boxers is transferred through the stiff kinetic chain, which is stabilised by the core muscles to transform into a powerful punch in the upper extremity. Despite these essential functions, there is a lack of research on the effect of core muscles in boxing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the contribution of core muscles in punching, and it was hypothesised that the endurance of trunk flexors, extensors, and lateral muscles on the dominant and non-dominant sides has a substantial contribution to punch speed and power in boxers.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Licensed Boxers | – | Other: No interventionHighly trained licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 35 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- Licensed boxers from a national team in North Cyprus
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Licensed boxers aged 18-35 years
- Free of injuries
- No history of surgery, visual, or vestibular disorders
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Presence of any injury
- History of surgery, visual, or vestibular disorders
- Outside the age range of 18-35 years
- Not holding a valid boxing license
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| No interventionNo intervention will be performed in this study. | Other | Licensed Boxers |
Primary outcome
Endurance of trunk flexor muscles
Time frame: 1 hour
The athlete will be positioned on a flat surface. The tester will stabilise the feet while the hip and knee joints are placed at 90 degrees of flexion. The upper extremities will be crossed over the shoulders, bringing the trunk into approximately 60-degree flexion.
Endurance of trunk extensor muscles
Time frame: 1 hour
Subjects will lie prone with the lower body fixed to the test bed at the ankles, knees, and hips, and the upper body extended in a cantilevered fashion over the edge of the test bed. At the beginning of the exertion, the upper limbs will be held across the chest with the hands resting on the opposite shoulders, and the upper body will be lifted until the thoracic region is horizontal to the floor.
Endurance of Lateral Trunk (Oblique) Muscles
Time frame: 1 hour
Subjects will lie on an exercise mat on their sides with legs extended. The top foot will be placed in front of the lower foot on the mat for support. Subjects will be instructed to support themselves by lifting their hips off the mat to maintain a straight line over their whole body length, and support themselves on one elbow and their feet. The uninvolved arm will be held across the chest with the hand placed on the opposite shoulder.
Evaluation of Punch Speed and Power
Time frame: 1 hour
The rear direct punch type will be selected for the test. Punch speed and power will be tested using the Corner Accelerometer (Corner Wearables Ltd / UK), which has been found suitable for tracking punches. The devices will be fixed to both wrists of the boxers with Velcro and paired with the Corner mobile app via Bluetooth. Subjects will perform three rounds of shadow boxing using standard boxing gloves, with five minutes of rest between rounds for warm-up and device checking. Finally, the athletes will be asked to throw a total of five rear direct punches to the boxing bag using their dominant side, and the device will record the parameters of each punch separately and simultaneously, including speed in meters per second (m/sec) and power in gravitational force units (G-force). Of the five punches thrown, the fastest and most powerful will be selected for analysis.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Aug 2025.
- Background: PubMed 32218063Dunn EC, Humberstone CE, Franchini E, Iredale KF, Blazevich AJ. Relationships Between Punch Impact Force and Upper- and Lower-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Highly Trained Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Apr 1;36(4):1019-1025. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003585.
- Background: PubMed 37867742Rodriguez-Perea A, Reyes-Ferrada W, Jerez-Mayorga D, Chirosa Rios L, Van den Tillar R, Chirosa Rios I, Martinez-Garcia D. Core training and performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2023 Oct;40(4):975-992. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.123319. Epub 2023 Feb 3.
- Background: PubMed 22228111Shinkle J, Nesser TW, Demchak TJ, McMannus DM. Effect of core strength on the measure of power in the extremities. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Feb;26(2):373-80. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822600e5.
- Background: PubMed 15034861Akuthota V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Mar;85(3 Suppl 1):S86-92. doi: 10.1053/j.apmr.2003.12.005.
- Background: PubMed 35836314Beattie K, Ruddock AD. The Role of Strength on Punch Impact Force in Boxing. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Oct 1;36(10):2957-2969. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004252. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Salih Angın, Prof. Dr. study director
Cyprus International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Sports Physical Therapy, run by Cyprus International University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Aug 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Endurance of trunk flexor muscles (time frame: 1 hour). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07101276, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Aug 2025.