Appetite and General Nutritional DisordersAPPETITENCT07104461
Advanced Protein-based Program for Effective Treatment of Appetite Regulation and Obesity
A study testing Oat porridge, Whey protein isolate and Potato protein isolate in people with Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders, run by University of Westminster at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a global epidemic, with over 2.5 billion adults being classified as overweight and 890 million of these classified as obese. Overweight and obesity are the 5th cause of mortality globally, with an estimated 2.8 million related deaths among adults. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 50 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders
- What is being tested?
- Oat porridge, Whey protein isolate and Potato protein isolate
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 12 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 9 Jun 2023to 31 Oct 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 50 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Males (18-50 years of age)
- Lean and Overweight subjects (BMI 18.5 - 30 kg/m2)
- Sedentary and physically active subjects
- Healthy subjects
Who cannot join
- Female
- <18, >50 years
- Dieting
- Consumption of >14 units of alcohol/week
- Allergies to test foods/drinks
- Illnesses or on medication (with a possible effect on taste and/or appetite)
Show all 10Show fewer
- Devices such as pacemakers
- Smokers
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Eating disorders
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United Kingdom1 site
Centre for Nutraceuticals School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster
London, W1W 6UW
About this study
Official title: A Single-blind Randomised Study to Test the Effects of Protein-enriched Breakfast Meals With Varying Protein Sources Compared to a Standard Meal on the Regulation of Appetite and Satiety in Healthy Human Volunteers
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a global epidemic, with over 2.5 billion adults being classified as overweight and 890 million of these classified as obese. Overweight and obesity are the 5th cause of mortality globally, with an estimated 2.8 million related deaths among adults. The rising prevalence of obesity in adults is leading to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, with an estimated 462 million individuals affected globally. At present, the most effective non-surgical obesity treatments offered by the National Health Service (NHS) are the subcutaneously administered GLP-1 receptor agonists. However, they may present potentially serious side effects following short-term use, and there are still uncertainties around long-term use side effects. Therefore, a dietary approach to weight loss or maintenance seems preferable.
Increasing protein intake is a commonly applied nutritional approach to appetite regulation. The increase in protein intake is often achieved by supplementation, using proteins isolated from dairy, such as whey and casein. However, with more individuals following plant-based diets over recent years, the interest in plant-based protein supplements has increased. While dairy-based proteins are well-characterised, the appetite regulatory characteristics of plant-based proteins have not yet been fully elucidated.
The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of protein-enriched food items on appetite regulation compared to a standard carbohydrate-rich meal. Furthermore, this study will investigate whether there are any differences in appetite-related hormonal responses to a plant protein-containing meal replacement shake (containing rice and pea protein) or a potato protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal compared to a whey protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal.
Read the detailed description
Intervention study with four treatment groups in a randomised, single-blind, quadruple crossover design.
Healthy male participants (between the ages of 18 to 50 years) will receive four different isocaloric intervention meals with the same mass, on separate visit days, following a minimum of 8 hours overnight fast. The four meals will contain oat porridge prepared with coconut milk as a control, oat porridge prepared with coconut milk with added whey or potato protein isolates, and a complete meal replacement shake containing plant-based pea and rice proteins. The intervention meals will be followed by a standardised pasta-based ready meal after the 3-hour observation period. All participants will observe at least a two-day washout period between the differing treatments.
Biological samples (blood) will be collected at various times during the visit. Blood samples will be collected at baseline 0 min prior (T0), then at 30 min (T30), 60 min (T60), 120 min (T120) and 180 min (T180) after the intervention meal consumption.
In addition, pertinent questionnaires, Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] for assessing satiety and VAS for assessing intervention meals' perception and palatability will be collected. VAS for the assessment of satiety will be collected at T0, T30, T60, T120 and T180 and VAS assessing the perception and palatability of the intervention meals will be collected immediately following meal consumption.
- Being tested
- Oat porridge, Whey protein isolate, Potato protein isolate, Meal replacement shake
- Keywords
- nutraceutical, protein, whey, potato protein, rice protein, pea protein, appetite, satiety, insulin, glucose, ghrelin, appetite hormone, GLP-1, PYY, GIP, supplement
- Medical subject headings
- Insulin Resistance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Oat porridgeOther
Oat flakes, 81g (equivalent to 9 g of protein), were presented to participants in the form of porridge, prepared with 500 mL coconut milk (equivalent to 0.5 g of protein) and 10 g of zero calorie sugar free syrup.
The total energy content was equivalent to 400 Kcal.
Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.
Whey protein isolateDietary supplement
Whey protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.2 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge.
Other ingredients in the whey protein enriched porridge:
- Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein)
- Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein)
- Water 150 mL
- Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g
The total energy content was equivalent to 401.74 Kcal.
Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study
Potato protein isolateDietary supplement
Potato protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.39 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge.
Other ingredients in the potato protein enriched porridge:
- Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein)
- Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein)
- Water 150 mL
- Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g
The total energy content equiv. 401.36 Kcal.
Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.
Meal replacement shakeDietary supplement
A meal replacement, 90 g (equivalent to 40 g of total protein), was presented to participants in the form of a shake.
Other ingredients in the meal replacement shake:
- Water 500 mL
The total energy was equivalent to 400 Kcal
Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal replacement shake presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Oat porridge | Sham comparator | Control Meal (9.5 g total protein) Receives: Other: Oat porridge |
| Oat porridge with whey protein | Active comparator | (total protein 40.5 g; of which whey protein isolate contributed 34.2 g of protein) Receives: Dietary Supplement: Whey protein isolate |
| Oat porridge with potato protein | Active comparator | (total protein 40.6 g; of which potato protein isolate contributed 34.39 g of protein) Receives: Dietary Supplement: Potato protein isolate |
| Meal replacement shake | Active comparator | (total protein 40 g, mostly from pea protein and brown rice protein isolates) Receives: Dietary Supplement: Meal replacement shake |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T30)
Glucose (mmol/L)
Measured: Glucose measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T60)
Glucose (mmol/L)
Measured: Glucose measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T120)
Glucose (mmol/L)
Measured: Glucose measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T180)
Glucose (mmol/L)
Measured: Glucose measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T30)
Insulin (pmol/L)
Measured: Insulin measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T60)
Insulin (pmol/L)
Measured: Insulin measured 160 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T120)
Insulin (pmol/L)
Measured: Insulin measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T180)
Insulin (pmol/L)
Measured: Insulin measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T30)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T60)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T120)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T180)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T30)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T60)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T120)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T180)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
Measured: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T30)
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Measured: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T60) Markers: peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Measured: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T120)
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Measured: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T180)
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Measured: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T30)
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
Measured: Ghrelin measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T60)
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
Measured: Ghrelin measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T120)
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
Measured: Ghrelin measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T180)
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
Measured: Ghrelin measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T30)
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
Measured: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 30 minutes after meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T60)
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
Measured: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 60 minutes after meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T120)
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
Measured: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 120 minutes after meal consumption
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T180)
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
Measured: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 180 minutes after meal consumption
Secondary outcomes (2)
To assess the perception of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake. Subjective analysis including Visual Analogue Scale for Perception and Palatability (VAS-P).
Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the lower the palatability)
Measured: VAS for Perception and Palatability collected immediately after meal consumption
To assess the effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on food intake ad libitum, 3 hours after the intervention meal consumption.
Consecutive meal intake was assessed by measuring the weight in grams and calculating the energy content in Kcal of the food consumed.
Measured: Ad libitum food intake was assessed 3 hours post breakfast intervention meal consumption
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Aug 2025
- Study start9 Jun 2023
- Primary completion31 Oct 2024
- Study completion31 Oct 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Appetite and General Nutritional DisordersStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Crossover Assignment, single-blind, randomised, quadruple crossover
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Westminster
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala, University of Westminster
- Investigators
- Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Westminster
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07104461
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ETH2223-1377
- Acronym
- APPETITE
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 29 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 21 Aug 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020 Mar;10(1):107-111. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001.
PubMed 32175717Guo H, Guo Q, Li Z, Wang Z. Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and acute pancreatitis: case series and real-world pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Nov 13;15:1461398. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1461398. eCollection 2024.
PubMed 39605914Ismail I, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Meat analog as future food: a review. J Anim Sci Technol. 2020 Mar;62(2):111-120. doi: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.111. Epub 2020 Mar 31.
PubMed 32292920Monami M, Nreu B, Scatena A, Cresci B, Andreozzi F, Sesti G, Mannucci E. Safety issues with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cholelithiasis): Data from randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Sep;19(9):1233-1241. doi: 10.1111/dom.12926. Epub 2017 Jun 20.
PubMed 28244632Patel S. Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives. J Food Sci Technol. 2015 Nov;52(11):6847-58. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1894-0. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
PubMed 26884639Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schunemann HJ. Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul;66(7):780-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
PubMed 22510792Zushin PH, Wu JC. Evaluating the benefits of the early use of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Lancet. 2025 Jan 18;405(10474):181-183. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02255-4. Epub 2024 Nov 12. No abstract available.
PubMed 39547251
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Aug 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Single-blind Randomised Study to Test the Effects of Protein-enriched Breakfast Meals With Varying Protein Sources Compared to a Standard Meal on the Regulation of Appetite and Satiety in Healthy Human Volunteers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07104461
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- APPETITE / ETH2223-1377
- Keywords
- nutraceutical, protein, whey, potato protein, rice protein, pea protein, appetite, satiety
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of WestminsterUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 9 Jun 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Oct 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a global epidemic, with over 2.5 billion adults being classified as overweight and 890 million of these classified as obese. Overweight and obesity are the 5th cause of mortality globally, with an estimated 2.8 million related deaths among adults. The rising prevalence of obesity in adults is leading to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, with an estimated 462 million individuals affected globally. At present, the most effective non-surgical obesity treatments offered by the National Health Service (NHS) are the subcutaneously administered GLP-1 receptor agonists. However, they may present potentially serious side effects following short-term use, and there are still uncertainties around long-term use side effects. Therefore, a dietary approach to weight loss or maintenance seems preferable.
Increasing protein intake is a commonly applied nutritional approach to appetite regulation. The increase in protein intake is often achieved by supplementation, using proteins isolated from dairy, such as whey and casein. However, with more individuals following plant-based diets over recent years, the interest in plant-based protein supplements has increased. While dairy-based proteins are well-characterised, the appetite regulatory characteristics of plant-based proteins have not yet been fully elucidated.
The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of protein-enriched food items on appetite regulation compared to a standard carbohydrate-rich meal. Furthermore, this study will investigate whether there are any differences in appetite-related hormonal responses to a plant protein-containing meal replacement shake (containing rice and pea protein) or a potato protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal compared to a whey protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal.
Detailed description
Intervention study with four treatment groups in a randomised, single-blind, quadruple crossover design.
Healthy male participants (between the ages of 18 to 50 years) will receive four different isocaloric intervention meals with the same mass, on separate visit days, following a minimum of 8 hours overnight fast. The four meals will contain oat porridge prepared with coconut milk as a control, oat porridge prepared with coconut milk with added whey or potato protein isolates, and a complete meal replacement shake containing plant-based pea and rice proteins. The intervention meals will be followed by a standardised pasta-based ready meal after the 3-hour observation period. All participants will observe at least a two-day washout period between the differing treatments.
Biological samples (blood) will be collected at various times during the visit. Blood samples will be collected at baseline 0 min prior (T0), then at 30 min (T30), 60 min (T60), 120 min (T120) and 180 min (T180) after the intervention meal consumption.
In addition, pertinent questionnaires, Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] for assessing satiety and VAS for assessing intervention meals' perception and palatability will be collected. VAS for the assessment of satiety will be collected at T0, T30, T60, T120 and T180 and VAS assessing the perception and palatability of the intervention meals will be collected immediately following meal consumption.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- Crossover Assignment, single-blind, randomised, quadruple crossover
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Oat porridge | Sham comparator | Other: Oat porridgeControl Meal (9.5 g total protein) |
| Oat porridge with whey protein | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Whey protein isolate(total protein 40.5 g; of which whey protein isolate contributed 34.2 g of protein) |
| Oat porridge with potato protein | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Potato protein isolate(total protein 40.6 g; of which potato protein isolate contributed 34.39 g of protein) |
| Meal replacement shake | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Meal replacement shake(total protein 40 g, mostly from pea protein and brown rice protein isolates) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 50 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Males (18-50 years of age)
- Lean and Overweight subjects (BMI 18.5 - 30 kg/m2)
- Sedentary and physically active subjects
- Healthy subjects
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Female
- <18, >50 years
- Dieting
- Consumption of >14 units of alcohol/week
- Allergies to test foods/drinks
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Oat porridgeOat flakes, 81g (equivalent to 9 g of protein), were presented to participants in the form of porridge, prepared with 500 mL coconut milk (equivalent to 0.5 g of protein) and 10 g of zero calorie sugar free syrup. The total energy content was equivalent to 400 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study. | Other | Oat porridge |
| Whey protein isolateWhey protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.2 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge. Other ingredients in the whey protein enriched porridge: * Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein) * Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein) * Water 150 mL * Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g The total energy content was equivalent to 401.74 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study | Dietary supplement | Oat porridge with whey protein |
| Potato protein isolatePotato protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.39 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge. Other ingredients in the potato protein enriched porridge: * Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein) * Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein) * Water 150 mL * Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g The total energy content equiv. 401.36 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study. | Dietary supplement | Oat porridge with potato protein |
| Meal replacement shakeA meal replacement, 90 g (equivalent to 40 g of total protein), was presented to participants in the form of a shake. Other ingredients in the meal replacement shake: - Water 500 mL The total energy was equivalent to 400 Kcal Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal replacement shake presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study. | Dietary supplement | Meal replacement shake |
Primary outcome
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T30)
Time frame: Glucose measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Glucose (mmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T60)
Time frame: Glucose measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
Glucose (mmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T120)
Time frame: Glucose measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Glucose (mmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T180)
Time frame: Glucose measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Glucose (mmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T30)
Time frame: Insulin measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Insulin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T60)
Time frame: Insulin measured 160 minutes post meal consumption
Insulin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T120)
Time frame: Insulin measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Insulin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on insulin levels (T180)
Time frame: Insulin measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Insulin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T30)
Time frame: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T60)
Time frame: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T120)
Time frame: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on glucagon-like peptide 1 levels (T180)
Time frame: Glucagon-like peptide 1 measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T30)
Time frame: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T60)
Time frame: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T120)
Time frame: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on gastric inhibitory polypeptide (T180)
Time frame: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T30)
Time frame: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T60) Markers: peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
Time frame: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T120)
Time frame: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels (T180)
Time frame: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T30)
Time frame: Ghrelin measured 30 minutes post meal consumption
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T60)
Time frame: Ghrelin measured 60 minutes post meal consumption
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T120)
Time frame: Ghrelin measured 120 minutes post meal consumption
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on ghrelin levels (T180)
Time frame: Ghrelin measured 180 minutes post meal consumption
Ghrelin (pmol/L)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T30)
Time frame: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 30 minutes after meal consumption
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T60)
Time frame: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 60 minutes after meal consumption
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T120)
Time frame: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 120 minutes after meal consumption
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on appetite (T180)
Time frame: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A) collected 180 minutes after meal consumption
Subjective analysis including: Visual Analogue Scale for Appetite (VAS-A). Scores range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the greater the level of appetite)
2 secondary outcomes
To assess the perception of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake. Subjective analysis including Visual Analogue Scale for Perception and Palatability (VAS-P).
Time frame: VAS for Perception and Palatability collected immediately after meal consumption
To assess the effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate, and meal replacement shake on food intake ad libitum, 3 hours after the intervention meal consumption.
Time frame: Ad libitum food intake was assessed 3 hours post breakfast intervention meal consumption
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Aug 2025.
- Background: PubMed 32175717Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020 Mar;10(1):107-111. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001.
- Background: PubMed 39605914Guo H, Guo Q, Li Z, Wang Z. Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and acute pancreatitis: case series and real-world pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Nov 13;15:1461398. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1461398. eCollection 2024.
- Background: PubMed 32292920Ismail I, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Meat analog as future food: a review. J Anim Sci Technol. 2020 Mar;62(2):111-120. doi: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.111. Epub 2020 Mar 31.
- Background: PubMed 28244632Monami M, Nreu B, Scatena A, Cresci B, Andreozzi F, Sesti G, Mannucci E. Safety issues with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cholelithiasis): Data from randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Sep;19(9):1233-1241. doi: 10.1111/dom.12926. Epub 2017 Jun 20.
- Background: PubMed 26884639Patel S. Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives. J Food Sci Technol. 2015 Nov;52(11):6847-58. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1894-0. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
- Background: PubMed 22510792Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schunemann HJ. Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul;66(7):780-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
- Background: PubMed 39547251Zushin PH, Wu JC. Evaluating the benefits of the early use of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Lancet. 2025 Jan 18;405(10474):181-183. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02255-4. Epub 2024 Nov 12. No abstract available.
- NHS. (2023). Obesity - TreatmentLink provided by the sponsor.
- WHO. (2024). Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.Link provided by the sponsor.
- WHO. (2015). World health statistics 2015. World Health OrganizationLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala, PhD principal investigator
University of Westminster
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Oat porridge, Whey protein isolate and Potato protein isolate in people with Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders, run by University of Westminster at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Aug 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
To assess the acute effects of oat porridge, whey protein isolate, potato protein isolate and meal replacement shake on glucose levels (T30) (time frame: Glucose measured 30 minutes post meal consumption). The study lists 28 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07104461, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Aug 2025.