Pes PlanusNCT07123753
Exercises for Pes Planus
A study testing EXERCİSE in people with Pes Planus, run by Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Pes planus is a musculoskeletal syndrome in which the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is reduced or flattened. It results from a combination of static and dynamic abnormalities. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 12 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pes Planus
- What is being tested?
- EXERCİSE
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 32 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 2 Feb 2025to 5 Feb 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 12 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Those who have not had any surgery in the last 6 months
- Individuals who do not have any physical or mental disabilities
- Individuals who volunteer to participate in the study
Who cannot join
- Individuals with major foot deformities other than pes planus Individuals with any physical or mental disability Individuals with a history of lower extremity injury in the last 6 months
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University
Gaziantep, Nizip
About this study
Official title: EFFECTS OF CLASSICAL FOOT EXERCISES AND FOOT CORE EXERCISES ON PAIN, BALANCE, GAIT AND LOWER EXTREMITY PERFORMANCE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PES PLANUS
Pes planus is a musculoskeletal syndrome in which the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is reduced or flattened. It results from a combination of static and dynamic abnormalities. Various predisposing factors such as increased weight, foot injury, and musculoskeletal disorders are associated with this problem. In addition, studies have emphasized that there is a significant relationship between abnormal foot posture and gait mechanics.
Read the detailed description
Pes planus is a musculoskeletal syndrome in which the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is reduced or flattened. It results from a combination of static and dynamic abnormalities. Various predisposing factors such as increased weight, foot injury, and musculoskeletal disorders are associated with this problem. It has been reported that pes planus is associated with various disorders seen in the lower extremity such as patellofemoral pain syndrome and medial tibial stress syndrome. In addition, studies have emphasized that there is a significant relationship between abnormal foot posture and gait mechanics. Therefore, our aim in this study is to examine the effects of classical foot exercises and foot core exercises on pain, balance, gait, and lower extremity performance in adolescents with pes planus. This study is planned to be a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Individuals in the classical foot exercises group will be subjected to classical foot exercises for 12-15 minutes, and individuals in the core exercises group will be subjected to foot core exercises for 12-15 minutes twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. Individuals included in the study will be assessed for pes planus status with the navicular drop test. For both groups, pain will be assessed with the foot function test, balance with the star balance test, gait analysis with the footprint method, and lower extremity muscle performance with functional muscle strength assessment, before and after the application. The assessments will be applied face to face by the same physiotherapist to all group members.
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Being tested
- EXERCİSE
- Keywords
- Adolescent, foot core exercise, foot classic exercise, pes planus
- Medical subject headings
- Flatfoot
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
EXERCİSEOther
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of classical foot exercises and foot core exercises on pain, balance, gait and lower extremity performance in adolescents with pes planus. This study is planned to be a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Classic foot exercises will be applied to individuals in the classical foot exercises group for 12-15 minutes, and foot core exercises will be applied to individuals in the core exercises group for 12-15 minutes twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. Pes planus status of individuals included in the study will be evaluated with the navicular drop test. Pain will be evaluated with the foot function test, balance with the star balance test, gait analysis with the footprint method and lower extremity muscle performance with the functional muscle strength assessment for individuals in both groups before and after the application. The evaluations will be applied face to face by the same physiotherapi
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Active comparator | CLASSIC FOOT EXERCISE WILL BE APPLIED Receives: Other: EXERCİSE |
| WORKING GROUP | Active comparator | CORE FOOT EXERCISE WILL BE APPLIED Receives: Other: EXERCİSE |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
The navicular drop test
The navicular drop test is a test used in the clinic to determine the presence and degree of pes planus. It will be used to distinguish participants with and without pes planus.). In this test, first the navicular tubercle is palpated and marked, and the distance between the navicular tubercle and the floor is measured with a ruler while the person is in a sitting position and the feet are only in contact with the floor (without putting weight on the feet). Then the person stands up and puts equal weight on their feet, and the distance between the navicular tubercle and the floor is measured again. Measurements are made bilaterally and recorded in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm). In the navicular drop test, the difference between the weighted and unweighted measurements is considered normal (neutral) between 5-9 mm, excessive pronation of 10 mm and above, and excessive supination of 4 mm and below.
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
STAR BALANCE TEST
Star balance test (SBT) is one of the tests frequently used to evaluate lower extremity dynamic balance and postural control. SBT is a test that measures the maximum extension an individual can achieve by maintaining balance and performing a single-leg squat on lines drawn at 45-degree intervals in eight different directions.
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
The foot function index
The foot function index is a test used to determine pain, disability and activity limitation. It is a scale consisting of a total of three parameters and 23 items. The pain subscale contains nine items and measures the severity of foot pain in different situations. The disability subscale contains 9 items and evaluates the severity of the difficulty in performing functional activities due to the person's foot problems. The activity limitation subscale contains 5 items and measures the person's activity limitations due to foot problems. The AFI is a scale filled out by the person himself. A high score indicates more pain, disability and activity limitation.
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Gait Assessment (Footprint method):
Gait Assessment (Footprint method): General gait parameters are temporal and distance factors, cycle time (cadence), step length and speed. These are the simplest form of objective gait assessment. Only a stopwatch, a tape measure and some talcum powder are required. The individual will be asked to walk naturally and will be allowed to stand on their own feet. The individual will step on a tray of talcum powder and then will be asked to walk across a black bag. The left and right step lengths, step length, toe angle and an idea of the foot contact pattern are obtained.
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Dynamic Gait Index
The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) is a clinical measure that assesses the ability of a person to adapt to complex walking tasks commonly encountered in daily life. The DGI is based on a person-environment mobility disability model in which environmental demands are categorized as distance, time, environment, terrain, physical load, attention, postural transitions, and intensity, and represents the external demand that must be met for an individual to move in a given environment. Item 1 of the DGI is considered the reference or baseline task and examines the ability to walk under low-intensity conditions (self-paced, level-surface walking). The remaining 7 items examine the person's ability to adapt their gait to task demands in 4 environmental dimensions.Each item is scored on an ordinal scale (0-3) based on gait pattern, speed, and assistance level, with total scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 24 (best)."
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Functional Muscle Strength Evaluation
Functional Muscle Strength Evaluation: The number of repetitions of the movement in a certain period of time is a valid and reliable method used effectively in functional muscle strength evaluation. In our study, individuals' lower extremity functional muscle strength will be evaluated with a 30-second maximum repetition test. Within the scope of this evaluation, individuals are asked to perform 3 closed kinetic chain exercises involving large muscle groups for standing and walking. These are (1) "Lateral Step-up" test (taking a side step to a 20 cm bench), (2) "Sitto-Stand" test (standing up without sitting without using the arms), (3) "Attain Stand Through Half Knee" (moving from kneeling position to half kneeling position) test. The maximum number of repetitions the person does in 30 seconds is noted. A higher number of repetitions indicates better functional performance.
Measured: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Aug 2025
- Study start2 Feb 2025
- Primary completion2 Feb 2026
- Study completion5 Feb 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Pes PlanusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 32 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Aysel TOPÇU, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07123753
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- GISTU-FTR-AT-1
- Other IDs
- GISTU-FTR
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 12 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 10 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- EFFECTS OF CLASSICAL FOOT EXERCISES AND FOOT CORE EXERCISES ON PAIN, BALANCE, GAIT AND LOWER EXTREMITY PERFORMANCE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PES PLANUS
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07123753
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GISTU-FTR-AT-1
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Keywords
- Adolescent, foot core exercise, foot classic exercise, pes planus
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 32 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 2 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Feb 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Pes planus is a musculoskeletal syndrome in which the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is reduced or flattened. It results from a combination of static and dynamic abnormalities. Various predisposing factors such as increased weight, foot injury, and musculoskeletal disorders are associated with this problem. In addition, studies have emphasized that there is a significant relationship between abnormal foot posture and gait mechanics.
Detailed description
Pes planus is a musculoskeletal syndrome in which the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is reduced or flattened. It results from a combination of static and dynamic abnormalities. Various predisposing factors such as increased weight, foot injury, and musculoskeletal disorders are associated with this problem. It has been reported that pes planus is associated with various disorders seen in the lower extremity such as patellofemoral pain syndrome and medial tibial stress syndrome. In addition, studies have emphasized that there is a significant relationship between abnormal foot posture and gait mechanics. Therefore, our aim in this study is to examine the effects of classical foot exercises and foot core exercises on pain, balance, gait, and lower extremity performance in adolescents with pes planus. This study is planned to be a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Individuals in the classical foot exercises group will be subjected to classical foot exercises for 12-15 minutes, and individuals in the core exercises group will be subjected to foot core exercises for 12-15 minutes twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. Individuals included in the study will be assessed for pes planus status with the navicular drop test. For both groups, pain will be assessed with the foot function test, balance with the star balance test, gait analysis with the footprint method, and lower extremity muscle performance with functional muscle strength assessment, before and after the application. The assessments will be applied face to face by the same physiotherapist to all group members.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | Active comparator | Other: EXERCİSECLASSIC FOOT EXERCISE WILL BE APPLIED |
| WORKING GROUP | Active comparator | Other: EXERCİSECORE FOOT EXERCISE WILL BE APPLIED |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 12 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Those who have not had any surgery in the last 6 months
- Individuals who do not have any physical or mental disabilities
- Individuals who volunteer to participate in the study
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Individuals with major foot deformities other than pes planus Individuals with any physical or mental disability Individuals with a history of lower extremity injury in the last 6 months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| EXERCİSEThe aim of this study is to examine the effects of classical foot exercises and foot core exercises on pain, balance, gait and lower extremity performance in adolescents with pes planus. This study is planned to be a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups. Classic foot exercises will be applied to individuals in the classical foot exercises group for 12-15 minutes, and foot core exercises will be applied to individuals in the core exercises group for 12-15 minutes twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. Pes planus status of individuals included in the study will be evaluated with the navicular drop test. Pain will be evaluated with the foot function test, balance with the star balance test, gait analysis with the footprint method and lower extremity muscle performance with the functional muscle strength assessment for individuals in both groups before and after the application. The evaluations will be applied face to face by the same physiotherapi | Other | CONTROL, WORKING GROUP |
Primary outcome
The navicular drop test
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
The navicular drop test is a test used in the clinic to determine the presence and degree of pes planus. It will be used to distinguish participants with and without pes planus.). In this test, first the navicular tubercle is palpated and marked, and the distance between the navicular tubercle and the floor is measured with a ruler while the person is in a sitting position and the feet are only in contact with the floor (without putting weight on the feet). Then the person stands up and puts equal weight on their feet, and the distance between the navicular tubercle and the floor is measured again. Measurements are made bilaterally and recorded in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm). In the navicular drop test, the difference between the weighted and unweighted measurements is considered normal (neutral) between 5-9 mm, excessive pronation of 10 mm and above, and excessive supination of 4 mm and below.
STAR BALANCE TEST
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Star balance test (SBT) is one of the tests frequently used to evaluate lower extremity dynamic balance and postural control. SBT is a test that measures the maximum extension an individual can achieve by maintaining balance and performing a single-leg squat on lines drawn at 45-degree intervals in eight different directions.
The foot function index
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
The foot function index is a test used to determine pain, disability and activity limitation. It is a scale consisting of a total of three parameters and 23 items. The pain subscale contains nine items and measures the severity of foot pain in different situations. The disability subscale contains 9 items and evaluates the severity of the difficulty in performing functional activities due to the person's foot problems. The activity limitation subscale contains 5 items and measures the person's activity limitations due to foot problems. The AFI is a scale filled out by the person himself. A high score indicates more pain, disability and activity limitation.
Gait Assessment (Footprint method):
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Gait Assessment (Footprint method): General gait parameters are temporal and distance factors, cycle time (cadence), step length and speed. These are the simplest form of objective gait assessment. Only a stopwatch, a tape measure and some talcum powder are required. The individual will be asked to walk naturally and will be allowed to stand on their own feet. The individual will step on a tray of talcum powder and then will be asked to walk across a black bag. The left and right step lengths, step length, toe angle and an idea of the foot contact pattern are obtained.
Dynamic Gait Index
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) is a clinical measure that assesses the ability of a person to adapt to complex walking tasks commonly encountered in daily life. The DGI is based on a person-environment mobility disability model in which environmental demands are categorized as distance, time, environment, terrain, physical load, attention, postural transitions, and intensity, and represents the external demand that must be met for an individual to move in a given environment. Item 1 of the DGI is considered the reference or baseline task and examines the ability to walk under low-intensity conditions (self-paced, level-surface walking). The remaining 7 items examine the person's ability to adapt their gait to task demands in 4 environmental dimensions.Each item is scored on an ordinal scale (0-3) based on gait pattern, speed, and assistance level, with total scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 24 (best)."
Functional Muscle Strength Evaluation
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks
Functional Muscle Strength Evaluation: The number of repetitions of the movement in a certain period of time is a valid and reliable method used effectively in functional muscle strength evaluation. In our study, individuals' lower extremity functional muscle strength will be evaluated with a 30-second maximum repetition test. Within the scope of this evaluation, individuals are asked to perform 3 closed kinetic chain exercises involving large muscle groups for standing and walking. These are (1) "Lateral Step-up" test (taking a side step to a 20 cm bench), (2) "Sitto-Stand" test (standing up without sitting without using the arms), (3) "Attain Stand Through Half Knee" (moving from kneeling position to half kneeling position) test. The maximum number of repetitions the person does in 30 seconds is noted. A higher number of repetitions indicates better functional performance.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Feb 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Pes Planus
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing EXERCİSE in people with Pes Planus, run by Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
The navicular drop test (time frame: Change from Baseline at 8 weeks). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Feb 2026.