Occupational Radiation Exposure in Operating Room NursesNCT07128407
PMT-Based Radiation Safety Training for Nurses: Randomized Controlled Trial.
A study testing Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection Training in people with Occupational Radiation Exposure in Operating Room Nurses, run by Necmettin Erbakan University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of a Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)-based radiation protection training program on nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Occupational Radiation Exposure in Operating Room Nurses
- What is being tested?
- Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 54 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2026to 1 Dec 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Registered nurses working in the operating room or intervention areas where ionizing radiation is used.
- Willing to participate and provide informed consent.
- Able to attend the full radiation protection training program (for the experimental group).
Who cannot join
- Nurses not working in areas with exposure to ionizing radiation.
- Nurses who have previously received formal radiation protection training within the last 12 months.
- Inability to complete the study questionnaires or training program due to language or cognitive barriers.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine Hospital
Konya, Meram, 42090
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Radiation Protection Training Based on Protection Motivation Theory on Nurses' Knowledge, Awareness, Motivation and Safety Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of a Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)-based radiation protection training program on nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors. The study includes 54 operating room nurses randomly assigned to experimental (n=27) and control (n=27) groups. The intervention targets both threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes. It is hypothesized that PMT-based training will improve nurses' radiation protection knowledge, increase awareness, strengthen motivation, and enhance safety behaviors. The findings are expected to contribute to nursing curricula, institutional radiation safety policies, and the development of a safety culture in healthcare settings.
Read the detailed description
The increasing use of ionizing radiation in medical procedures has raised concerns about occupational exposure among healthcare professionals, including nurses, who may be directly or indirectly exposed during their clinical duties. Evidence from the literature indicates that nurses often have insufficient knowledge and awareness regarding radiation protection, which may lead to suboptimal safety practices and increased health risks. Enhancing radiation safety among nurses is crucial for both occupational health and patient safety.
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), developed by Rogers, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and influencing health-related protective behaviors. PMT posits that behavior change is influenced by two cognitive processes: threat appraisal (perceived severity and perceived vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost). Educational interventions structured according to PMT can effectively promote protective health behaviors by addressing both risk perception and the perceived ability to perform protective actions.
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a PMT-based radiation protection training program in improving nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors related to radiation protection. A total of 54 operating room nurses will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=27), which will receive structured PMT-based radiation safety education, or the control group (n=27), which will not receive the intervention during the study period. The training program targets both threat and coping appraisal processes and is delivered in a structured format designed to address the cognitive and behavioral components of radiation safety.
Primary and secondary outcome measures will be assessed before and after the intervention using validated instruments. The primary outcome is the change in radiation protection behavior scores, while secondary outcomes include changes in knowledge, awareness, and motivation scores. It is hypothesized that the intervention group will demonstrate significant improvements in all outcome measures compared to the control group.
The results of this study are expected to inform the integration of radiation safety content into nursing curricula, guide the development of institutional policies on radiation protection, and contribute to fostering a culture of safety in healthcare settings.
- Being tested
- Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection Training
- Keywords
- Radiation Protection, Occupational Safety, Nursing Safety Behavior, Occupational Radiation Exposure, Protection Motivation Theory, Randomized Controlled Trial
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection TrainingBehavioural
A structured educational program designed according to Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The program targets both threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes to improve nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors regarding radiation protection.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Experimental | Participants receive a structured radiation protection training program based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The program targets threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes to improve nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors. Outcomes are assessed before and after the intervention. Receives: Behavioral: Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection Training |
| Control Group | No intervention | Participants do not receive any intervention during the study period. They continue their routine clinical practice. Outcomes are assessed at the same time points as the experimental group to allow comparison. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Radiation Protection Knowledge
Assessed using a validated Radiation Protection Knowledge Questionnaire specifically developed for nurses. The measure evaluates participants' understanding of radiation risks, protection methods, and safe practices.
Measured: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Secondary outcomes (3)
Change in Radiation Protection Awareness
Evaluated with a standardized awareness scale assessing nurses' perception of radiation hazards and the need for protection
Measured: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Change in Protection Motivation
Measured using a Protection Motivation Theory-based scale capturing threat appraisal and coping appraisal dimensions.
Measured: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Change in Safety Behaviors
Assessed via a self-reported Radiation Protection Behavior Scale, evaluating adherence to safety protocols in clinical settings.
Measured: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Aug 2025
- Study start1 Apr 2026
- Primary completion1 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Dec 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Occupational Radiation Exposure in Operating Room NursesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- he study involves 54 operating room nurses randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) receiving a Protection Motivation Theory-based radiation protection training, or the control group (n=27) not receiving the intervention during the study period. Outcomes including knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors are assessed before and after the intervention to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 54 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Necmettin Erbakan University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mahmut AY, Necmettin Erbakan University
- Investigators
- BİLGEN ÖZLÜK, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Principal investigator, Necmettin Erbakan University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07128407
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NEU-MAY-2025-01
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 13 Aug 2025
- Last updated
- 15 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Radiation Protection Training Based on Protection Motivation Theory on Nurses' Knowledge, Awareness, Motivation and Safety Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07128407
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NEU-MAY-2025-01
- Keywords
- Radiation Protection, Occupational Safety, Nursing Safety Behavior, Occupational Radiation Exposure, Protection Motivation Theory, Randomized Controlled Trial
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 54 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Necmettin Erbakan UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Dec 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 19 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of a Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)-based radiation protection training program on nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors. The study includes 54 operating room nurses randomly assigned to experimental (n=27) and control (n=27) groups. The intervention targets both threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes. It is hypothesized that PMT-based training will improve nurses' radiation protection knowledge, increase awareness, strengthen motivation, and enhance safety behaviors. The findings are expected to contribute to nursing curricula, institutional radiation safety policies, and the development of a safety culture in healthcare settings.
Detailed description
The increasing use of ionizing radiation in medical procedures has raised concerns about occupational exposure among healthcare professionals, including nurses, who may be directly or indirectly exposed during their clinical duties. Evidence from the literature indicates that nurses often have insufficient knowledge and awareness regarding radiation protection, which may lead to suboptimal safety practices and increased health risks. Enhancing radiation safety among nurses is crucial for both occupational health and patient safety.
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), developed by Rogers, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and influencing health-related protective behaviors. PMT posits that behavior change is influenced by two cognitive processes: threat appraisal (perceived severity and perceived vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost). Educational interventions structured according to PMT can effectively promote protective health behaviors by addressing both risk perception and the perceived ability to perform protective actions.
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a PMT-based radiation protection training program in improving nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors related to radiation protection. A total of 54 operating room nurses will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=27), which will receive structured PMT-based radiation safety education, or the control group (n=27), which will not receive the intervention during the study period. The training program targets both threat and coping appraisal processes and is delivered in a structured format designed to address the cognitive and behavioral components of radiation safety.
Primary and secondary outcome measures will be assessed before and after the intervention using validated instruments. The primary outcome is the change in radiation protection behavior scores, while secondary outcomes include changes in knowledge, awareness, and motivation scores. It is hypothesized that the intervention group will demonstrate significant improvements in all outcome measures compared to the control group.
The results of this study are expected to inform the integration of radiation safety content into nursing curricula, guide the development of institutional policies on radiation protection, and contribute to fostering a culture of safety in healthcare settings.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- he study involves 54 operating room nurses randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) receiving a Protection Motivation Theory-based radiation protection training, or the control group (n=27) not receiving the intervention during the study period. Outcomes including knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors are assessed before and after the intervention to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection TrainingParticipants receive a structured radiation protection training program based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The program targets threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes to improve nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors. Outcomes are assessed before and after the intervention. |
| Control Group | No intervention | –Participants do not receive any intervention during the study period. They continue their routine clinical practice. Outcomes are assessed at the same time points as the experimental group to allow comparison. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Registered nurses working in the operating room or intervention areas where ionizing radiation is used.
- Willing to participate and provide informed consent.
- Able to attend the full radiation protection training program (for the experimental group).
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Nurses not working in areas with exposure to ionizing radiation.
- Nurses who have previously received formal radiation protection training within the last 12 months.
- Inability to complete the study questionnaires or training program due to language or cognitive barriers.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection TrainingA structured educational program designed according to Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The program targets both threat appraisal (perceived severity and vulnerability) and coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost) processes to improve nurses' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and safety behaviors regarding radiation protection. | Behavioural | Experimental Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Radiation Protection Knowledge
Time frame: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Assessed using a validated Radiation Protection Knowledge Questionnaire specifically developed for nurses. The measure evaluates participants' understanding of radiation risks, protection methods, and safe practices.
3 secondary outcomes
Change in Radiation Protection Awareness
Time frame: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Change in Protection Motivation
Time frame: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Change in Safety Behaviors
Time frame: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
BİLGEN ÖZLÜK, Assoc. Prof. Dr. principal investigator
Necmettin Erbakan University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Protection Motivation Theory-Based Radiation Protection Training in people with Occupational Radiation Exposure in Operating Room Nurses, run by Necmettin Erbakan University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Radiation Protection Knowledge (time frame: Pre-intervention, Immediate Post-intervention, and 1 Month Post-intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 Apr 2026.