Incorporated Dual-task TrainingNCT07238218

Exploring the Effectiveness of Incorporated Versus Additional Dual-Task Training Program in Community Older Adults

A study testing the additional dual-task training group (ADT) and the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT) in people with Incorporated Dual-task Training and Additional Dual-task Training, run by Ching-yi Wu at 1 site in Taiwan.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

This study compared the effects of IDT and ADT on cognitive function, physical performance, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Read more about this study

Who is it for?: Ages 60 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Incorporated Dual-task Training, Additional Dual-task Training
What is being tested?: the additional dual-task training group (ADT) and the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)
Type of treatment: Lifestyle or therapy programme
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 164 participants
Where: 1 siteTaiwan
Study dates: 1 Apr 2020to 31 Jul 2024
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 60 years and older
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Age ≥ 60 years
Able to follow instructions (Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 20)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score > 20
No difficulty performing basic activities of daily living
No diagnosis of dementia confirmed by a neurologist

Who cannot join

Self-reported diagnosis of neurological disorders
Unstable medical conditions (e.g., recent myocardial infarction, heart failure, recent heart surgery, or severe asthma)

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Taiwan1 site

Chang Gung Memotial Hospital
Taoyuan City, Guishan Dist, 333

Other trials in Taiwan

About this study

This study compared the effects of IDT and ADT on cognitive function, physical performance, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults.

Conditions: Incorporated Dual-task Training, Additional Dual-task Training
Being tested: the additional dual-task training group (ADT), the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

the additional dual-task training group (ADT)Behavioural
the cognitive task was performed concurrently but independently from the motor task, functioning as a distractor rather than a necessary prerequisite for task completion. Examples included performing lower limb strength exercises while solving arithmetic problems or reciting memorized items while stepping.
the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)Behavioural
the cognitive task was integrated within the motor task and was essential for successful completion of the combined motor-cognitive activity. Examples included memorizing and executing movement sequences akin to dancing or completing ladder stepping patterns in a predetermined order.

Study groups in NCT07238218
Study group	Role	What they receive
The motor training component	Experimental	The motor training component included stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises. Exercise intensity was gradually increased to a moderate level (50-70% of participants' maximum heart rate) using low-impact modalities to minimize injury risk and was adjusted according to individual physical condition throughout the intervention. Warm-up and cool-down periods involved whole-body muscle stretching. Aerobic exercises consisted of walking, marching in place, high knee lifts, kicking motions, leg curls, touchdown steps, and box steps, combining upper and lower limb movements to produce rhythmic and repetitive patterns. Strength training comprised squats, lunges, chair sit-to-stands, weightlifting using water-filled bottles, farmer's walks, and elastic band exercises targeting both upper and lower limbs. Balance exercises included single-leg stands, heel-to-toe walking, ball kicking, and cross-stepping. Receives: Behavioral: the additional dual-task training group (ADT); Behavioral: the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)
The cognitive training	Experimental	The cognitive training targeted domains such as attention, language, memory, calculation, and processing speed. Each session incorporated one or more cognitive domains. Attention tasks involved responding to visual or auditory cues, spotting differences in quantity, size, color, direction, or shape, and identifying specific objects within cluttered environments. Language tasks included naming fruits, animals, and vegetables, playing word solitaire, engaging in word association, constructing sentences, spelling, reading, and picture-based storytelling. Calculation tasks required solving arithmetic problems or calculating shopping list costs. Processing speed activities involved timely responses to questions, such as number comparisons. Memory tasks focused on recalling numbers, symbols, words, or daily items after presentation, as well as remembering spatial locations, shopping lists, or informational content from brochures and images. Receives: Behavioral: the additional dual-task training group (ADT); Behavioral: the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Change scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) will be used to assess general cognitive functions. It examines several cognitive domains with a total score of 30 and higher values indicate better cognitive functions. The MoCA has been shown to be a valid and promising tool to evaluate the global cognitive function in patients with stroke. Minimum: 0 (worst performance) Maximum: 30 (best performance) The psychometric properties of MoCA are good to excellent for patients with cerebrovascular diseases.
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Word List (WL) subtest from the Chinese version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III)
The Word List (WL) subtest from the Chinese version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III) is a standardized and reliable measure of working memory . This study utilized WL Part I (WL-I), where participants are verbally presented with a list of 12 unrelated words over four trials and asked to recall the words immediately after each trial. Raw scores represent the total number of correct recalls across trials and are converted into age-adjusted scaled scores. Higher scores reflect better memory performance. The WL-WMS has demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80) and high construct validity across diverse populations .
Measured: Before the intervention arms within a week, within a week after the waiting period ends, and within a week after the last treatment .
Change scores of Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT)
The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) was used to examine inhibitory control . The primary measure used was the time difference (in seconds) between the congruent and incongruent conditions. Smaller differences indicate better inhibitory control. The Stroop test has shown high test-retest reliability (ranging between 0.70 and 0.91) and convergent validity with other executive function measures .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS), was used to assess information processing speed. It is sensitive to detect cognitive impairment and changes in cognitive function . Participants are required to match symbols to corresponding numbers and copy the symbols into designated spaces within 120 seconds. The DSST score is the total number of correct symbols, with higher scores indicating better information processing speed. The DSST demonstrates excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.89) and good concurrent validity with other cognitive processing measures .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Timed Up and Go (TUG)
The TUG is a widely used screening tool to assess mobility and balance in community-dwelling older adults and to identify individuals at risk of falling ). Faster completion times indicate better functional mobility. The TUG demonstrates excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.90) and good predictive validity regarding fall risk .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ)
The Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) assesses individuals' integration into social networks and engagement in productive activities such as employment, education, or volunteer work . Higher scores indicate great level of social integration. It has shown good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha approximately 0.70-0.80) and acceptable construct validity .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(L-IADL)
The Lawton IADL Scale is a valid tool designed to evaluate the ability to perform tasks and detect early functional decline. It is a reliable and valid tool commonly used for evaluating older adults with cognitive impairment . The scale measures tasks such as using a telephone, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, medication management, and financial management. Higher scores indicate greater independence in IADLs.
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Box and Block Test (BBT)
The Box and Block Test (BBT) assesses gross manual dexterity . Participants move wooden blocks from one box compartment to another within 60 seconds. The number of blocks that are moved from one compartment to another compartment is recorded. The more blocks means the better gross manual dexterity. The BBT shows excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95) and strong validity for manual dexterity evaluation in older adults and clinical populations .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Serial Sevens Test (SST)
The Serial Sevens Test (SST) evaluates working memory via serial subtraction by sevens . Correct and incorrect responses to SST are recorded, and the corrected number which is the difference between correct and incorrect responses is calculated. The more corrected numbers means the better working memory. While specific reliability data is limited, SST performance correlates moderately to strongly with other working memory and attention tasks, suggesting acceptable construct validity .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
Change scores of Frequency Discrimination (FD)
The frequency discrimination (FD) assesses sustained attention by requiring participants to distinguish between high and low auditory pitches. Participants discriminated between high (1000 Hz) and low (500 Hz) pitches and reported their answers in 18 trials conducted in 60 seconds. There was a total of 18 trials conducted in 60 s. Specifically, there were nine trials each for high- and low-pitch sounds, presented in random order with intervals of 1 to 4 seconds. Correct and incorrect responses to FD are recorded, and the corrected number which is the difference between correct and incorrect responses is calculated. Higher scores indicate better sustained attention. The task shows acceptable test-retest reliability and construct validity within auditory attention paradigms .
Measured: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

1 Apr 202031 Jul 2024

First posted20 Nov 2025
Study start1 Apr 2020
Primary completion31 Jul 2024
Study completion31 Jul 2024

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Other trials for Incorporated Dual-task TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Supportive care
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Single blind
Who is masked: Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 164 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07238218
Sponsor's protocol ID: 109-036
Status last verified: Nov 2025
First submitted: 9 Sep 2025
Last updated: 20 Nov 2025
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Exploring the Effectiveness of Incorporated Versus Additional Dual-Task Training Program in Community Older Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07238218
Acronym / sponsor ID: 109-036
Conditions: Incorporated Dual-task Training, Additional Dual-task Training
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 164 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: Ching-yi WuUniversity, hospital or other
Collaborators: National Cheng Kung University Governance Framework for Human Research Ethics
Study start: 1 Apr 2020 (actual)
Primary completion: 31 Jul 2024 (actual)
Study completion: 31 Jul 2024 (actual)
First posted: 20 Nov 2025 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

This study compared the effects of IDT and ADT on cognitive function, physical performance, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults.

Study design

Primary purpose: Supportive care
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Single blind (outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 2

Arm	Type	Receives
The motor training component	Experimental	Behavioral: the additional dual-task training group (ADT), Behavioral: the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)The motor training component included stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises. Exercise intensity was gradually increased to a moderate level (50-70% of participants' maximum heart rate) using low-impact modalities to minimize injury risk and was adjusted according to individual physical condition throughout the intervention. Warm-up and cool-down periods involved whole-body muscle stretching. Aerobic exercises consisted of walking, marching in place, high knee lifts, kicking motions, leg curls, touchdown steps, and box steps, combining upper and lower limb movements to produce rhythmic and repetitive patterns. Strength training comprised squats, lunges, chair sit-to-stands, weightlifting using water-filled bottles, farmer's walks, and elastic band exercises targeting both upper and lower limbs. Balance exercises included single-leg stands, heel-to-toe walking, ball kicking, and cross-stepping.
The cognitive training	Experimental	Behavioral: the additional dual-task training group (ADT), Behavioral: the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)The cognitive training targeted domains such as attention, language, memory, calculation, and processing speed. Each session incorporated one or more cognitive domains. Attention tasks involved responding to visual or auditory cues, spotting differences in quantity, size, color, direction, or shape, and identifying specific objects within cluttered environments. Language tasks included naming fruits, animals, and vegetables, playing word solitaire, engaging in word association, constructing sentences, spelling, reading, and picture-based storytelling. Calculation tasks required solving arithmetic problems or calculating shopping list costs. Processing speed activities involved timely responses to questions, such as number comparisons. Memory tasks focused on recalling numbers, symbols, words, or daily items after presentation, as well as remembering spatial locations, shopping lists, or informational content from brochures and images.

Who may qualify

Ages: 60 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)

Age ≥ 60 years
Able to follow instructions (Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 20)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score > 20
No difficulty performing basic activities of daily living
No diagnosis of dementia confirmed by a neurologist

Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)

Self-reported diagnosis of neurological disorders
Unstable medical conditions (e.g., recent myocardial infarction, heart failure, recent heart surgery, or severe asthma)

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
the additional dual-task training group (ADT)the cognitive task was performed concurrently but independently from the motor task, functioning as a distractor rather than a necessary prerequisite for task completion. Examples included performing lower limb strength exercises while solving arithmetic problems or reciting memorized items while stepping.	Behavioural	The cognitive training, The motor training component
the incorporated dual-task training group (IDT)the cognitive task was integrated within the motor task and was essential for successful completion of the combined motor-cognitive activity. Examples included memorizing and executing movement sequences akin to dancing or completing ladder stepping patterns in a predetermined order.	Behavioural	The cognitive training, The motor training component

Primary outcome

Change scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) will be used to assess general cognitive functions. It examines several cognitive domains with a total score of 30 and higher values indicate better cognitive functions. The MoCA has been shown to be a valid and promising tool to evaluate the global cognitive function in patients with stroke. Minimum: 0 (worst performance) Maximum: 30 (best performance) The psychometric properties of MoCA are good to excellent for patients with cerebrovascular diseases.
Change scores of Word List (WL) subtest from the Chinese version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III)
Time frame: Before the intervention arms within a week, within a week after the waiting period ends, and within a week after the last treatment .
The Word List (WL) subtest from the Chinese version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III) is a standardized and reliable measure of working memory . This study utilized WL Part I (WL-I), where participants are verbally presented with a list of 12 unrelated words over four trials and asked to recall the words immediately after each trial. Raw scores represent the total number of correct recalls across trials and are converted into age-adjusted scaled scores. Higher scores reflect better memory performance. The WL-WMS has demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80) and high construct validity across diverse populations .
Change scores of Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) was used to examine inhibitory control . The primary measure used was the time difference (in seconds) between the congruent and incongruent conditions. Smaller differences indicate better inhibitory control. The Stroop test has shown high test-retest reliability (ranging between 0.70 and 0.91) and convergent validity with other executive function measures .
Change scores of Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS), was used to assess information processing speed. It is sensitive to detect cognitive impairment and changes in cognitive function . Participants are required to match symbols to corresponding numbers and copy the symbols into designated spaces within 120 seconds. The DSST score is the total number of correct symbols, with higher scores indicating better information processing speed. The DSST demonstrates excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.89) and good concurrent validity with other cognitive processing measures .
Change scores of Timed Up and Go (TUG)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The TUG is a widely used screening tool to assess mobility and balance in community-dwelling older adults and to identify individuals at risk of falling ). Faster completion times indicate better functional mobility. The TUG demonstrates excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.90) and good predictive validity regarding fall risk .
Change scores of Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) assesses individuals' integration into social networks and engagement in productive activities such as employment, education, or volunteer work . Higher scores indicate great level of social integration. It has shown good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha approximately 0.70-0.80) and acceptable construct validity .
Change scores of Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(L-IADL)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Lawton IADL Scale is a valid tool designed to evaluate the ability to perform tasks and detect early functional decline. It is a reliable and valid tool commonly used for evaluating older adults with cognitive impairment . The scale measures tasks such as using a telephone, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, medication management, and financial management. Higher scores indicate greater independence in IADLs.
Change scores of Box and Block Test (BBT)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Box and Block Test (BBT) assesses gross manual dexterity . Participants move wooden blocks from one box compartment to another within 60 seconds. The number of blocks that are moved from one compartment to another compartment is recorded. The more blocks means the better gross manual dexterity. The BBT shows excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95) and strong validity for manual dexterity evaluation in older adults and clinical populations .
Change scores of Serial Sevens Test (SST)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The Serial Sevens Test (SST) evaluates working memory via serial subtraction by sevens . Correct and incorrect responses to SST are recorded, and the corrected number which is the difference between correct and incorrect responses is calculated. The more corrected numbers means the better working memory. While specific reliability data is limited, SST performance correlates moderately to strongly with other working memory and attention tasks, suggesting acceptable construct validity .
Change scores of Frequency Discrimination (FD)
Time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention
The frequency discrimination (FD) assesses sustained attention by requiring participants to distinguish between high and low auditory pitches. Participants discriminated between high (1000 Hz) and low (500 Hz) pitches and reported their answers in 18 trials conducted in 60 seconds. There was a total of 18 trials conducted in 60 s. Specifically, there were nine trials each for high- and low-pitch sounds, presented in random order with intervals of 1 to 4 seconds. Correct and incorrect responses to FD are recorded, and the corrected number which is the difference between correct and incorrect responses is calculated. Higher scores indicate better sustained attention. The task shows acceptable test-retest reliability and construct validity within auditory attention paradigms .

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Nov 2025.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

Ching-yi Wu, ScD principal investigator

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (time frame: Baseline, posttest(after completing the intervention,often baseline after 4 week) , Midterm(2 week after completing intervention) , 3 -month after completing intervention). The study lists 10 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07238218.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Nov 2025.