Older Adults (65 Years and Older)NCT07248293
"Income Level and Its Effect in Older Adults"
An observational study of Older Adults (65 Years and Older), run by Begüm AKAR at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of income level on cognitive function, pain, balance, lower extremity performance, gait, occupational competence, depression, and health-promoting behaviors in older adults. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 to 85 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Older Adults (65 Years and Older)
- What is being tested?
- Behavioral Treatment and behavioral
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- How many people
- 223 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2025to 15 Sep 2025
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 to 85 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Older adult
Study population: elderly
Who may be able to join
- Being 65 years of age or older
- Volunteering to participate in the study
- Elderly individuals scoring 6 or higher on the Hodkinson Mental Test
Who cannot join
- Elderly individuals who cannot communicate due to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or psychosis
- Having another chronic disease that may cause pain (rheumatic diseases, hemiplegia, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, etc.)
- Having a neurological disease (hemiplegia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, vertigo, epilepsy, etc.)
- Being blind
- Having orthopedic, neurological, or mental disabilities
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Pamukkale University
Pamukkale, Denizli, 20000
About this study
Official title: "Investigation of the Effect of Income Level in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of income level on cognitive function, pain, balance, lower extremity performance, gait, occupational competence, depression, and health-promoting behaviors in older adults.
- Conditions
- Older Adults (65 Years and Older)
- Being tested
- Behavioral Treatment, behavioral
- Keywords
- older adults
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Behavioral TreatmentOther
What makes this study different is that participants are categorized according to income levels, and detailed analyses are conducted between the subgroups.
behavioralBehavioural
The difference between this study and other studies is that in this study, the elderly are categorized according to their income levels.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| minimum wage | Minimum Wage Group:
The elderly in this group consist of older adults earning a minimum wage. Receives: Other: Behavioral Treatment; Behavioral: behavioral | |
| above minimum wage group | Above Minimum Wage Group:
The elderly in this group consist of older adults whose income levels are above the minimum wage threshold. Receives: Other: Behavioral Treatment; Behavioral: behavioral |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE):
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE):
The Mini-Mental State Examination is a scale used to assess individuals' cognitive status. It evaluates attention, orientation, memory, the ability to follow verbal and written commands, spontaneous writing, and copying complex drawings. The total score is 30, with a cutoff point of 24; scores below 24 indicate cognitive impairment. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. in 2002
Measured: 10 minutes
Hodkinson mental test
The Hodkinson Mental Test was developed by H.M. Hodkinson in 1972 and is used to assess cognitive functions in older adults. The test consists of 10 questions in total, with each correct answer worth 1 point. Scores below 7 indicate cognitive impairment. The test can be completed in less than 5 minutes and is a short, easy-to-administer tool that does not include culturally specific questions .
Measured: 10 minutes
Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test
Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test:
In this test, if the participant uses a walking aid, timing starts when they lift their dominant leg and release the aid; if not, timing begins when the dominant leg is lifted. The test ends when the foot touches the ground. If the participant can balance for more than 30 seconds, the test is completed. The duration is recorded in seconds. A result of less than 10 seconds indicates balance impairment, and less than 5 seconds indicates a risk of falling (17).
Measured: 1 minutes
Sit-to-Stand Test
Sit-to-Stand Test:
The participant, seated on a standard 43 cm-high chair with arms crossed over the shoulders, is asked to stand up and sit down as quickly as possible for 30 seconds. The number of full stands completed is recorded.
Measured: 2 minutes
Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES):
Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES):
The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES) is an adaptation of the original Gait Efficacy Scale (GES) used to assess an individual's confidence in walking safely and effectively. The MGES includes several questions measuring participants' confidence in various walking activities. These questions are typically answered on a Likert-type scale (e.g., 0 to 10), where 0 represents the lowest confidence and 10 represents the highest confidence (26).
Measured: 3 minutes
Secondary outcomes (3)
Geriatric Pain Scale
The Geriatric Pain Scale, developed by Ferrell BA and colleagues in 2000, is a 24-item multidimensional scale. It assesses five dimensions: pain-related withdrawal (items 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24), pain intensity (items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 22, 23), pain with movement (items 9, 10, 11, 12), pain during strenuous activities (items 8, 13, 14), and pain during other activities (items 7, 15, 16, 17, 22). Twenty-two items are scored as "Yes" or "No," and 2 items are scored on a 0-10 scale. Total scores range from 0 to 100, with 0-30 indicating mild pain, 30-69 moderate pain, and 70 or above severe pain (31). The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Dursun and Bektas (2017). The Cronbach's alpha for the entire scale was 0.85, with subscale alpha values ranging from 0.67 to 0.93 (19).
Measured: 5 minutes
Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Short Form:
Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Short Form:
The Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale, developed in 1983, assesses depressive mood in older adults and is self-reported. The 15-item short form, validated in Turkish, scores depression-related items as 1 and non-depression items as 0, with five items reverse-scored (items 1, 5, 7, 11, 13). Scores range from 0 to 15, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. The cutoff point is 5. The scale has high internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92.
Measured: 10 minutes
Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) Scale:
The Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) Version 2.2 was used to evaluate individuals' occupational competence. Participants rate how well they perform 21 activities on a scale from 1 (I have a lot of difficulty doing this) to 4 (I do this extremely well) and the importance of these activities from 1 (Not important to me) to 4 (Extremely important to me). After answering the competence (Step 1) and value (Step 2) questions, participants select the areas they most want to change (Step 3) (27,28).
Measured: 5 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Nov 2025
- Study start1 Jan 2025
- Primary completion15 Aug 2025
- Study completion15 Sep 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Older Adults (65 Years and Older)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 223 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Begüm AKAR
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Begüm AKAR, Pamukkale University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07248293
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Pamukkale U
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 18 Nov 2025
- Last updated
- 25 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- "Investigation of the Effect of Income Level in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07248293
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Pamukkale U
- Conditions
- Older Adults (65 Years and Older)
- Keywords
- older adults
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 223 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Begüm AKARUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Sep 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 25 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of income level on cognitive function, pain, balance, lower extremity performance, gait, occupational competence, depression, and health-promoting behaviors in older adults.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| minimum wage | – | Other: Behavioral Treatment, Behavioral: behavioralMinimum Wage Group: The elderly in this group consist of older adults earning a minimum wage. |
| above minimum wage group | – | Other: Behavioral Treatment, Behavioral: behavioralAbove Minimum Wage Group: The elderly in this group consist of older adults whose income levels are above the minimum wage threshold. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 to 85 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
- Study population
- elderly
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Being 65 years of age or older
- Volunteering to participate in the study
- Elderly individuals scoring 6 or higher on the Hodkinson Mental Test
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Elderly individuals who cannot communicate due to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or psychosis
- Having another chronic disease that may cause pain (rheumatic diseases, hemiplegia, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, etc.)
- Having a neurological disease (hemiplegia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, vertigo, epilepsy, etc.)
- Being blind
- Having orthopedic, neurological, or mental disabilities
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral TreatmentWhat makes this study different is that participants are categorized according to income levels, and detailed analyses are conducted between the subgroups. | Other | above minimum wage group, minimum wage |
| behavioralThe difference between this study and other studies is that in this study, the elderly are categorized according to their income levels. | Behavioural | above minimum wage group, minimum wage |
Primary outcome
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE):
Time frame: 10 minutes
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): The Mini-Mental State Examination is a scale used to assess individuals' cognitive status. It evaluates attention, orientation, memory, the ability to follow verbal and written commands, spontaneous writing, and copying complex drawings. The total score is 30, with a cutoff point of 24; scores below 24 indicate cognitive impairment. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. in 2002
Hodkinson mental test
Time frame: 10 minutes
The Hodkinson Mental Test was developed by H.M. Hodkinson in 1972 and is used to assess cognitive functions in older adults. The test consists of 10 questions in total, with each correct answer worth 1 point. Scores below 7 indicate cognitive impairment. The test can be completed in less than 5 minutes and is a short, easy-to-administer tool that does not include culturally specific questions .
Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test
Time frame: 1 minutes
Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test: In this test, if the participant uses a walking aid, timing starts when they lift their dominant leg and release the aid; if not, timing begins when the dominant leg is lifted. The test ends when the foot touches the ground. If the participant can balance for more than 30 seconds, the test is completed. The duration is recorded in seconds. A result of less than 10 seconds indicates balance impairment, and less than 5 seconds indicates a risk of falling (17).
Sit-to-Stand Test
Time frame: 2 minutes
Sit-to-Stand Test: The participant, seated on a standard 43 cm-high chair with arms crossed over the shoulders, is asked to stand up and sit down as quickly as possible for 30 seconds. The number of full stands completed is recorded.
Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES):
Time frame: 3 minutes
Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES): The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES) is an adaptation of the original Gait Efficacy Scale (GES) used to assess an individual's confidence in walking safely and effectively. The MGES includes several questions measuring participants' confidence in various walking activities. These questions are typically answered on a Likert-type scale (e.g., 0 to 10), where 0 represents the lowest confidence and 10 represents the highest confidence (26).
3 secondary outcomes
Geriatric Pain Scale
Time frame: 5 minutes
Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Short Form:
Time frame: 10 minutes
Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) Scale:
Time frame: 5 minutes
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Nov 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Older Adults (65 Years and Older), run by Begüm AKAR at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): (time frame: 10 minutes). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Nov 2025.