HealthyNCT07257692
Effect of Feeding Status on Appetite and Eating Behaviour.
A study testing Standardised meal in people with Healthy, run by University of Glasgow at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
This clinical trial's primary aim is to evaluate the impact of a short-term feeding state on trait eating behaviours and weekly appetite. The researchers will compare two groups (before vs. after a meal) to see if the meal affects appetite and eating behaviour traits in healthy adults. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy
- What is being tested?
- Standardised meal
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 33 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 1 Aug 2023to 1 Oct 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- Have stable body mass for at least three months (within ±2 kg).
Who cannot join
- People who are younger than 18 or older than 65 years old.
- Have food allergies.
- SmokingTaking medications
- Suffering from metabolic health issues, e.g., history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or eating disorders.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United Kingdom1 site
New Lister Building at Glasgow Royal Infirmary
Glasgow, G31 2ER
About this study
Official title: Reproducibility and Agreement of Appetite and Eating Behaviours in Response to Fixed Meals and the Modifying Effect of Feeding Status.
This clinical trial's primary aim is to evaluate the impact of a short-term feeding state on trait eating behaviours and weekly appetite. The researchers will compare two groups (before vs. after a meal) to see if the meal affects appetite and eating behaviour traits in healthy adults.
Read the detailed description
Study Design
Screening visit (Visit 1) Participants will be asked to complete a health screening questionnaire. Only those in generally good health will be enrolled. Following this, weight and height will be measured, and the body mass index (BMI) will be determined. Finally, participants will complete the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and food preferences questionnaire to ensure they like the foods provided in the study. Moreover, they will be provided with a 24-hour food diary to complete 24 hours before the first experimental trial, along with a set of scales to help them measure and record all items. Participants will be instructed to follow this food diary in the 24 hours before the second trial, ensuring that the food and drink consumed in the 24 hours before each experimental trial are similar.
Experimental trials (Visits 2 and 3) In the 24 hours prior to the experimental trial, participants will complete a 24-hour food diary where they record all food and beverages. With this diary, participants will describe all drinks and food consumed using household measures (e.g. teaspoon, cup). They will be asked to record a detailed description of food and/or drink intake, time and place of consumption. They will also record details on food brands, preparation and cooking methods. Portion sizes should be estimated using household measures or natural unit sizes (e.g., slices of bread). Food diaries and an electronic kitchen scale (Salter Housewares Ltd., Tonbridge, UK) will be provided to subjects, and they will be shown how to use the scales and how to record. They will follow this food diary in the 24 hours prior to the second visit to ensure they replicate their food and drink consumption in the 24 hours before each experimental trial.
Participants will arrive at the laboratory before both experimental trials at approximately 08:30, having fasted for at least 12 hours (participants instructed not to eat or drink after 20:30 from the previous night, except water). They will be weighed and then, at approximately 09:30. They will consume a standardised breakfast comprising porridge oats, full-fat milk, croissants, butter, jam and orange juice, which they will have 30 minutes to consume. Participants will then rest in the metabolic research unit for the remaining 3.5 hours of the trial (5-hour visit in total), completing study questionnaires where necessary. They will be able to consume water ad libitum and will be able to bring laptops/tablets and books.
During the experimental trial, participants will complete the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) in the fasted state before the breakfast meal; while in the second trial, participants will be asked to complete these 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal. In a randomised counter-balanced design, half of the participants will complete these scales in the fasted state first, whilst the other half will complete these scales after the breakfast meal first.
Throughout both experimental trials, participants will be periodically asked to complete measures of instantaneous appetite and food cravings. Instantaneous appetite ratings will be measured through the instantaneous Visual Analogue Scale (iVAS). These will examine various appetite constructs: hunger, satisfaction, fullness, prospective food consumption and desire to eat. Participants will be asked to place a vertical mark on the horizontal line at a point corresponding to their feelings at that time (hence the term instantaneous appetite). Participants will complete iVAS first at approximately 09:00, just before the breakfast meal. Thereafter, iVAS will be administered every 60 minutes (five assessments in total).
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Being tested
- Standardised meal
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Standardised mealDietary supplement
Participants will complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2)in the fasted state before the breakfast meal.
Standardised mealDietary supplement
Participants will be asked to complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2) 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal. | Other | Participants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Standardised meal |
| Eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal. | Other | Participants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Standardised meal |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Dietary restraint
Dietary restraint is the cognitive effort or intention to consciously limit food intake of eating. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess restraint once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for restraint is 0 and the maximum is 20, with a higher score indicating higher levels of restraint.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Disinhibition
Disinhibition refers to the tendency to overeat in response to emotional, social, or situational cues, even when not physiologically hungry. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess disinhibition once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for disinhibition is 0, and the maximum is 16, with a higher score indicating greater disinhibition or loss of control over eating.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Hunger
Hunger reflects the subjective perception of appetite and the susceptibility to feelings of hunger and food cues. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess hunger once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for hunger is 0 and the maximum is 14, with a higher score indicating indicating greater susceptibility to feelings of hunger and greater responsiveness to food cues.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE)
Unconditional Permission to Eat reflects a person's ability to allow themselves to eat a wide range of foods without guilt or unnecessary rules. It captures how flexible and trusting someone is toward their own hunger cues. Participants will complete the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) to assess UPE at two time points during each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Items are rated on a 5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with higher scores indicating a greater ability to permit oneself to eat when hungry without external restrictions.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons (EPR)
Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons reflects the extent to which individuals eat in response to genuine physical hunger rather than emotions such as stress, boredom, or sadness. This construct captures a healthy separation between emotional states and eating behaviour. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two time points during each experimental visit in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Items are scored on a 1-5 scale, with higher values indicating a stronger tendency to eat based on physical hunger rather than emotional triggers.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues (RHSC)
Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues measures how effectively individuals listen to and trust their internal bodily signals to guide when, what, and how much to eat. It reflects a mindful and attuned approach to eating. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two different time points on each study day in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, and higher scores indicate stronger trust in one's internal cues of hunger and fullness.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Body-Food Choice Congruence (BFCC)
Body-Food Choice Congruence reflects how consistently individuals choose foods that support their physical functioning, health, and well-being. It captures a compassionate connection between how a person feels and the types of foods they select. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two time points during each experimental visit in a randomised, counterbalanced design. Items use a 1-5 response scale, with higher scores indicating greater alignment between food choices and physical self-care.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Hunger
Hunger represents how frequently and intensely participants felt hungry over the past week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants rate their overall hunger on a 100-mm line from 0 mm (not hungry at all during the week) to 100 mm (extremely hungry throughout the week). Higher scores indicate stronger or more frequent hunger sensations during the previous week.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Fullness
Fullness reflects how often or how strongly participants felt full across the previous week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants will complete the wVAS, marking fullness on a 100-mm scale from 0 mm (rarely or never felt full during the week) to 100 mm (felt very full very often throughout the week). Higher scores indicate more frequent or stronger feelings of fullness across the week.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Satisfaction with eating
Satisfaction reflects how content or pleased participants felt with their eating experiences during the past week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants rate satisfaction on a 0-100 mm line from 0 mm (not satisfied at all during the week) to 100 mm (extremely satisfied with eating throughout the week). Higher scores indicate greater overall satisfaction during the week.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Desire to Eat
Desire to eat reflects how frequently participants experienced an urge or motivation to eat during the previous week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants will rate this on the wVAS, from 0 mm (little or no desire to eat during the week) to 100 mm (strong desire to eat very often throughout the week). Higher scores indicate a stronger or more frequent desire to eat during the past week.
Measured: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 Dec 2025
- Study start1 Aug 2023
- Primary completion8 Aug 2025
- Study completion1 Oct 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 33 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Glasgow
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Jazan
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, James Dorling, PhD, University of Glasgow
- Investigators
- James Dorling, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Glasgow
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07257692
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 200220227
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Nov 2025
- Last updated
- 26 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: The stored data will be anonymous and follow the guidelines of the General Data Protection Regulation enforced in May 2018. Hard copies of participant information forms, including consent forms and dietary intake records, will be kept in locked filing cabinets. Keys to the filing cabinets will only be available to the primary investigator. All databases will be password protected and stored on a university computer with firewalls. Participants' identifiable data will be stored in a locked cabinet. Digital data will be stored anonymously within the server of the University of Glasgow. This project's Principal Investigator will be responsible for sharing the research data. Data will be preserved in Enlighten, the official online repository of Glasgow University's research output.
Publications
Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8.
PubMed 3981480Tylka TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol. 2013 Jan;60(1):137-53. doi: 10.1037/a0030893.
PubMed 23356469Womble LG, Wadden TA, Chandler JM, Martin AR. Agreement between weekly vs. daily assessment of appetite. Appetite. 2003 Apr;40(2):131-5. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00170-8.
PubMed 12781162
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Reproducibility and Agreement of Appetite and Eating Behaviours in Response to Fixed Meals and the Modifying Effect of Feeding Status.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07257692
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 200220227
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 33 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of GlasgowUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Jazan
- Study start
- 1 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 8 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Oct 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 2 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This clinical trial's primary aim is to evaluate the impact of a short-term feeding state on trait eating behaviours and weekly appetite. The researchers will compare two groups (before vs. after a meal) to see if the meal affects appetite and eating behaviour traits in healthy adults.
Detailed description
Study Design
Screening visit (Visit 1) Participants will be asked to complete a health screening questionnaire. Only those in generally good health will be enrolled. Following this, weight and height will be measured, and the body mass index (BMI) will be determined. Finally, participants will complete the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and food preferences questionnaire to ensure they like the foods provided in the study. Moreover, they will be provided with a 24-hour food diary to complete 24 hours before the first experimental trial, along with a set of scales to help them measure and record all items. Participants will be instructed to follow this food diary in the 24 hours before the second trial, ensuring that the food and drink consumed in the 24 hours before each experimental trial are similar.
Experimental trials (Visits 2 and 3) In the 24 hours prior to the experimental trial, participants will complete a 24-hour food diary where they record all food and beverages. With this diary, participants will describe all drinks and food consumed using household measures (e.g. teaspoon, cup). They will be asked to record a detailed description of food and/or drink intake, time and place of consumption. They will also record details on food brands, preparation and cooking methods. Portion sizes should be estimated using household measures or natural unit sizes (e.g., slices of bread). Food diaries and an electronic kitchen scale (Salter Housewares Ltd., Tonbridge, UK) will be provided to subjects, and they will be shown how to use the scales and how to record. They will follow this food diary in the 24 hours prior to the second visit to ensure they replicate their food and drink consumption in the 24 hours before each experimental trial.
Participants will arrive at the laboratory before both experimental trials at approximately 08:30, having fasted for at least 12 hours (participants instructed not to eat or drink after 20:30 from the previous night, except water). They will be weighed and then, at approximately 09:30. They will consume a standardised breakfast comprising porridge oats, full-fat milk, croissants, butter, jam and orange juice, which they will have 30 minutes to consume. Participants will then rest in the metabolic research unit for the remaining 3.5 hours of the trial (5-hour visit in total), completing study questionnaires where necessary. They will be able to consume water ad libitum and will be able to bring laptops/tablets and books.
During the experimental trial, participants will complete the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) in the fasted state before the breakfast meal; while in the second trial, participants will be asked to complete these 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal. In a randomised counter-balanced design, half of the participants will complete these scales in the fasted state first, whilst the other half will complete these scales after the breakfast meal first.
Throughout both experimental trials, participants will be periodically asked to complete measures of instantaneous appetite and food cravings. Instantaneous appetite ratings will be measured through the instantaneous Visual Analogue Scale (iVAS). These will examine various appetite constructs: hunger, satisfaction, fullness, prospective food consumption and desire to eat. Participants will be asked to place a vertical mark on the horizontal line at a point corresponding to their feelings at that time (hence the term instantaneous appetite). Participants will complete iVAS first at approximately 09:00, just before the breakfast meal. Thereafter, iVAS will be administered every 60 minutes (five assessments in total).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal. | Other | Dietary Supplement: Standardised mealParticipants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal. |
| Eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal. | Other | Dietary Supplement: Standardised mealParticipants will complete the eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Adults aged 18 years or older.
- Have stable body mass for at least three months (within ±2 kg).
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- People who are younger than 18 or older than 65 years old.
- Have food allergies.
- SmokingTaking medications
- Suffering from metabolic health issues, e.g., history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or eating disorders.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Standardised mealParticipants will complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2)in the fasted state before the breakfast meal. | Dietary supplement | Eating behaviour trait questionnaires before the meal. |
| Standardised mealParticipants will be asked to complete the wVAS (weekly visual analogue scale), the TFEQ (Three factor eating questionnaires)and the IES-2 (Intuitive eating scale-2) 90 minutes after the administration of the breakfast meal. | Dietary supplement | Eating behaviour trait questionnaires after the meal. |
Primary outcome
Dietary restraint
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Dietary restraint is the cognitive effort or intention to consciously limit food intake of eating. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess restraint once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for restraint is 0 and the maximum is 20, with a higher score indicating higher levels of restraint.
Disinhibition
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Disinhibition refers to the tendency to overeat in response to emotional, social, or situational cues, even when not physiologically hungry. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess disinhibition once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for disinhibition is 0, and the maximum is 16, with a higher score indicating greater disinhibition or loss of control over eating.
Hunger
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Hunger reflects the subjective perception of appetite and the susceptibility to feelings of hunger and food cues. Participants will complete assessments of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard et al., 1985) to assess hunger once at two different time points on each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. The minimum score for hunger is 0 and the maximum is 14, with a higher score indicating indicating greater susceptibility to feelings of hunger and greater responsiveness to food cues.
Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE)
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Unconditional Permission to Eat reflects a person's ability to allow themselves to eat a wide range of foods without guilt or unnecessary rules. It captures how flexible and trusting someone is toward their own hunger cues. Participants will complete the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) to assess UPE at two time points during each experimental trial in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Items are rated on a 5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with higher scores indicating a greater ability to permit oneself to eat when hungry without external restrictions.
Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons (EPR)
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons reflects the extent to which individuals eat in response to genuine physical hunger rather than emotions such as stress, boredom, or sadness. This construct captures a healthy separation between emotional states and eating behaviour. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two time points during each experimental visit in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Items are scored on a 1-5 scale, with higher values indicating a stronger tendency to eat based on physical hunger rather than emotional triggers.
Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues (RHSC)
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues measures how effectively individuals listen to and trust their internal bodily signals to guide when, what, and how much to eat. It reflects a mindful and attuned approach to eating. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two different time points on each study day in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, and higher scores indicate stronger trust in one's internal cues of hunger and fullness.
Body-Food Choice Congruence (BFCC)
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Body-Food Choice Congruence reflects how consistently individuals choose foods that support their physical functioning, health, and well-being. It captures a compassionate connection between how a person feels and the types of foods they select. Participants will complete the IES-2 (Tylka \& Kroon Van Diest, 2013) at two time points during each experimental visit in a randomised, counterbalanced design. Items use a 1-5 response scale, with higher scores indicating greater alignment between food choices and physical self-care.
Hunger
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Hunger represents how frequently and intensely participants felt hungry over the past week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants rate their overall hunger on a 100-mm line from 0 mm (not hungry at all during the week) to 100 mm (extremely hungry throughout the week). Higher scores indicate stronger or more frequent hunger sensations during the previous week.
Fullness
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Fullness reflects how often or how strongly participants felt full across the previous week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants will complete the wVAS, marking fullness on a 100-mm scale from 0 mm (rarely or never felt full during the week) to 100 mm (felt very full very often throughout the week). Higher scores indicate more frequent or stronger feelings of fullness across the week.
Satisfaction with eating
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Satisfaction reflects how content or pleased participants felt with their eating experiences during the past week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants rate satisfaction on a 0-100 mm line from 0 mm (not satisfied at all during the week) to 100 mm (extremely satisfied with eating throughout the week). Higher scores indicate greater overall satisfaction during the week.
Desire to Eat
Time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.
Desire to eat reflects how frequently participants experienced an urge or motivation to eat during the previous week. Using the weekly Visual Analogue Scale (wVAS) (Womble et al., 2003), participants will rate this on the wVAS, from 0 mm (little or no desire to eat during the week) to 100 mm (strong desire to eat very often throughout the week). Higher scores indicate a stronger or more frequent desire to eat during the past week.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Jun 2026.
- Background: PubMed 3981480Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8.
- Background: PubMed 23356469Tylka TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol. 2013 Jan;60(1):137-53. doi: 10.1037/a0030893.
- Background: PubMed 12781162Womble LG, Wadden TA, Chandler JM, Martin AR. Agreement between weekly vs. daily assessment of appetite. Appetite. 2003 Apr;40(2):131-5. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00170-8.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. The stored data will be anonymous and follow the guidelines of the General Data Protection Regulation enforced in May 2018. Hard copies of participant information forms, including consent forms and dietary intake records, will be kept in locked filing cabinets. Keys to the filing cabinets will only be available to the primary investigator. All databases will be password protected and stored on a university computer with firewalls. Participants' identifiable data will be stored in a locked cabinet. Digital data will be stored anonymously within the server of the University of Glasgow. This project's Principal Investigator will be responsible for sharing the research data. Data will be preserved in Enlighten, the official online repository of Glasgow University's research output.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
James Dorling, PhD principal investigator
University of Glasgow
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Standardised meal in people with Healthy, run by University of Glasgow at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Dietary restraint (time frame: Once before the breakfast meal and once 90 minutes after the meal during each experimental trial.). The study lists 11 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07257692, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Jun 2026.