Palopegteriparatide in Chronic Hypoparathyroidism

1. Subjects and Methods 2.1 Study Design and Setting

This was a multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted across 9 tertiary and university hospitals in the rural area of Athens. Eligible participants were enrolled from specialized centers experienced in the management of HypoPT between the date that palopegteriparatide was commercially available in Greece (first patient initiating palopegteriparatide was in June 2024) and September 2025. The study included two predefined patient cohorts:

1. Individuals transitioning from conventional therapy (activated vitamin D analogs and calcium supplementation), and
2. Individuals previously treated with rhPTH(1-84) before switching to palopegteriparatide.

2.1.1Participants Adult patients (≥18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) of at least 12 months' duration who initiated palopegteriparatide (TransCon PTH)were eligible for inclusion. All participants fulfilled the criteria for PTH replacement therapy as defined by the Hellenic Endocrine Society guidelines.

Diagnosis of chronic HypoPT was established by persistent hypocalcemia in conjunction with inappropriately low or normal serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations.

Patients were considered eligible for PTH replacement therapy when conventional management failed to achieve optimal biochemical or clinical control, defined by one or more of the following:

• Persistent hypocalcemia or hypocalcemic symptoms despite high-dose oral calcium and active vitamin D supplementation.
• Significant hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, or other renal complications associated with conventional therapy.

To be included in the present analysis, participants were required to have received palopegteriparatide treatment for at least one month prior to data collection or evaluation Exclusion criteria were i) transient postsurgical HypoPT, ii) severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²), iii) active malignancy, iv) Individuals with impaired responsiveness to PTH (pseudohypoparathyroidism)or any disease that might affect calcium metabolism, phosphate metabolism or PTH levels other than hypoparathyroidism, v) other drugs known to influence calcium and bone metabolism (except for activated vitamin D analogs and elemental calcium) such as osteoporosis therapies or glucocorticoids (other than as replacement therapy).

Access to palopegteriparatide in Greece is currently through the National Organization for the Provision of Health Services (EOPYY), which manages reimbursed outpatient and hospital medicines. Medicines for rare diseases or high-cost therapies require pre-approval by relevant health committees. Palopegteriparatide is classified as high-cost medicines and is fully reimbursed upon approval. Continued reimbursement depends on documented treatment response, reductions in conventional therapy burden, control of calcium/urine parameters, and absence of unacceptable adverse events.

2.1.2Treatment Protocol Independent of the last rhPTH(1-84) dose, all patients initiating TransCon PTH were started on 18 µg once daily, as recommended by the manufacturer. The dose was titrated individually based on serum calcium levels, and clinical response, following real-world clinical practice and the product's prescribing information. Concomitant calcium and activated vitamin D supplementation were adjusted or discontinued at the treating physician's discretion to maintain serum calcium within the lower half of the normal range and to minimize hypercalciuria (defined as >250 mg/day in women, >300 mg/day in men, or >4 mg/kg/day in both genders).

2.2 Data Collection and Assessments Baseline data included demographic characteristics, etiology and duration of HypoPT, biochemical parameters (serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, 25(OH)D, creatinine, and 24-hour urinary calcium), medication use, and comorbidities. Follow-up visits were scheduled at regular intervals according to each center's clinical routine. At each visit, biochemical measurements were recorded, and changes in calcium and vitamin D supplementation, TransCon PTH dose adjustments, and adverse events were documented.

2.3 Ethical Considerations The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating centers and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

2.4 Study endpoints 2.4.1 Primary Endpoint The primary endpoint was the time to achievement of independence from activated vitamin D and oral calcium supplementation following initiation of palopegteriparatide. Independence was defined as the absence of any activated vitamin D or calcium supplementation for at least four consecutive weeks, without any increase in the palopegteriparatide dose during that period.

2.4.2 Secondary Endpoints

Secondary endpoints included:

1. The proportion of patients achieving independence from activated vitamin D and calcium within the 14-month observation period.

II. Changes in biochemical parameters (serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], calcium-phosphate product, and 24-hour urinary calcium) between baseline (before initiating palopegteriparatide) and the last follow-up visit.

III. Incidence of clinically significant hypo- and hypercalcemia requiring hospitalization during the study period.

IV. Change in daily pill burden, calculated as the total number of oral calcium and activated vitamin D tablets per day at baseline and last follow-up visit.

2.5. Safety Assessments Safety evaluations were conducted at prespecified intervals, typically every two-three months, in accordance with standard care of clinical practice. Data collected included concomitant medication use, serum biochemistry, hematology, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Twenty-four-hour urinary calcium excretion was measured periodically. Clinical events such as symptomatic hypo- or hypercalcemia were recorded, and all adverse events deemed treatment-related were documented according to the judgment of the treating physician.

2.6. Statistical Analysis Clinical and biochemical data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages, while continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) or medians (interquartile range, IQR) where appropriate, depending on data distribution. Normality of distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and inspection of histograms.

To evaluate the effect of palopegteriparatide treatment on biochemical and clinical parameters, within-subject comparisons were performed between baseline (pre-treatment) and the last available follow-up measurement.Τhe paired t-test or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare mean values before and after treatment, as applicable. To explore associations between time to independence from supplements, and biochemical parameters at baseline, duration of the disease or pill burden at baseline, correlation analyses were performed, using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho), as applicable.

All statistical tests were two-sided, with a significance level of α = 0.05. Confidence intervals (CIs) were two-sided 95%, unless otherwise specified. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 28; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), or equivalent validated statistical software.