Serum Chromium, Nickel, and Magnesium in Type 2 Diabetic Periodontitis

Detailed Description

Periodontal diseases are chronic immunoinflammatory conditions initiated by the interaction between the microbial dental plaque biofilm and the host immune response, leading to progressive destruction of the alveolar bone and connective tissues. Although traditionally considered localized oral infections, increasing evidence indicates that periodontitis has significant systemic implications. A well-established bidirectional relationship exists between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with periodontitis being recognized as the sixth complication of diabetes. Both conditions are characterized by elevated proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, which may mutually exacerbate disease severity and progression.

Chromium (Cr) is an essential trace element involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and plays a key role in insulin signaling by enhancing insulin receptor activity through its interaction with chromodulin. Chromium deficiency has been proposed as a potential risk factor for the development of diabetes, and chromium supplementation has been reported to improve glycemic control in some individuals with T2DM. Although limited studies suggest alterations in salivary chromium levels in patients with chronic periodontitis, possibly due to periodontal tissue breakdown or metal release from restorative materials, the association between periodontal disease and serum chromium levels has not been directly investigated to date.

Magnesium (Mg) is a vital mineral acting as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions and is essential for energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and membrane integrity. Reduced serum magnesium levels are commonly observed in individuals with T2DM, and magnesium deficiency has been associated with impaired glucose-insulin metabolism and enhanced inflammatory responses. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that magnesium deficiency may aggravate periodontal inflammation and negatively affect periodontal tissue healing; however, studies evaluating magnesium status in individuals with concomitant T2DM and chronic periodontitis are limited.

Nickel (Ni) is a widely distributed environmental heavy metal, and human exposure occurs through air, water, food, tobacco products, dental materials, and metal alloys. Evidence regarding the association between nickel exposure and diabetes is inconsistent, with some studies reporting no association and others suggesting an increased risk of diabetes with higher nickel exposure. To date, no studies have directly evaluated the relationship between periodontal disease and serum nickel levels.

Given the complex interactions among trace elements in metabolic and inflammatory pathways, the simultaneous evaluation of serum chromium, magnesium, and nickel levels may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of T2DM and chronic periodontitis. However, current literature lacks studies assessing these three elements together in individuals with T2DM and chronic periodontitis.

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Medical Faculty Ethics Committee. Adult participants were recruited from individuals undergoing systemic evaluation at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and subsequently referred for periodontal examination. Eligible participants were allocated into four groups based on systemic and periodontal status: periodontally and systemically healthy controls, systemically healthy individuals with chronic periodontitis, individuals with controlled T2DM and chronic periodontitis, and individuals with uncontrolled T2DM and chronic periodontitis.

Comprehensive periodontal examinations were performed by a calibrated examiner using standard clinical indices, including plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. Periodontal diagnoses were established according to the 2017 World Workshop Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Fasting venous blood samples were collected, and serum chromium, magnesium, and nickel levels were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry.