GlaucomaNCT07327242
Effectiveness of a Large Language Model-Based Educational Tool on Visual Field Test Reliability in Glaucoma Patients
A study testing LLM-based Education in people with Glaucoma and Eye Disorders, run by Stanford University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a large language model (LLM)-based audiovisual educational tool improves the test time and reliability of standard automated perimetry (SAP) using the SITA Standard 24-2 protocol in English-speaking glaucoma patients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Glaucoma, Eye Disorders, Visual Fields
- What is being tested?
- LLM-based Education
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 80 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Jan 2026to Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of glaucoma
- English-speaking
- Scheduled for Humphrey visual field testing 24-2 SITA standard
- Having at least 2 prior visual field tests , with the most recent prior test performed using the 24-2 SITA Standard strategy within 2 years before enrollment.
- Best corrected visual acuity in both eyes ≥ 20/40
Who cannot join
- Unable to comply with study and questionnaires
- Participant has, in the opinion of the investigator, any physical or mental condition that would affect the participation in the study or may interfere with the study procedures, evaluations and outcome assessments.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
About this study
Official title: Effectiveness of a Large Language Model-Based Educational Tool on Visual Field Test Reliability in Glaucoma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a large language model (LLM)-based audiovisual educational tool improves the test time and reliability of standard automated perimetry (SAP) using the SITA Standard 24-2 protocol in English-speaking glaucoma patients.
Glaucoma is a disease that can lead to blindness if not properly monitored and treated. One of the most important tests for glaucoma is the visual field (VF) test, which checks how well a person can see in different directions. However, this test is difficult for many patients to perform correctly, especially if they don't fully understand how it works. Unreliable test results can lead to repeated visits, wasted time, and incorrect treatment decisions.
Read more
This study is testing whether a computer-based educational tool, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), can help patients better understand the VF test before taking it. The study team want to see if this helps make the test results more reliable. The goal is to improve the quality of care while reducing the burden on patients and clinic staff.
The LLMs will be used as an educational tool only, not for the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
- Conditions
- Glaucoma, Eye Disorders, Visual Fields, Visual Field Tests
- Being tested
- LLM-based Education
- Keywords
- HVF, humphrey visual field test, Glaucoma, LLM, AI, GPT, ChatGPT, Education
- Medical subject headings
- Glaucoma, Eye Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
LLM-based EducationOther
Participants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test. The LLM will be presented using a 10 inch tablet or laptop device by a trained research team member. The interaction is intended to be self-guided, with no interference from the staff unless the LLM displays incorrect or "hallucinated" content. In such cases, the research staff will immediately correct any misinformation and record the occurrence, including details and frequency of the hallucination, for quality monitoring. The LLM module will deliver instructions, simulate the visual field test experience, and include a brief knowledge check. This LLM-based education is for research purposes only. Afterward, participants will proceed to their scheduled visual field test, which will include standard support from the clinic perimetrist.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care | No intervention | Patients will be informed of the standard protocol of Humphrey visual field testing by visual field technicians prior to their testing. Their education and knowledge will primarily come from the technicians themselves. |
| LLM-based Education + Standard of Care | Experimental | Participants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test, in addition to the standard of care information provided by the Humphrey visual field technicians. Receives: Other: LLM-based Education |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Humphrey Visual Field Test Taking Duration
Test duration of Humphrey visual field test of the first tested eye will be compared to the same first tested eye of the study participant's previous test as a continuous variable.
Measured: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Secondary outcomes (5)
Changes in False Positives and False Negatives (Reliability Indices)
Change in false positive percentage and false negative percentage for the first tested eye between the most recent prior unreliable Humphrey visual field and the study visit field, comparing intervention and control groups. Each index will be analyzed as a continuous variable, with higher values indicating worse reliability.
Measured: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Proportion of Visual Field Test Standard Reliability
Proportion of participants whose first tested eye produces a reliable Humphrey visual field at the study visit, comparing AI based education plus standard perimetrist instruction versus standard perimetrist instruction alone. Reliability will be defined a priori using standard criteria, for example fixation losses less than 20 percent, false positives less than 15 percent, and false negatives less than 15 percent on the same day visual field report. The first tested eye at the study visit will be used for the primary analysis.
Measured: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Patient satisfaction scale score as measured by Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8)
4-point ordinal Likert-type response options. The total CSQ 8 score will be used as a continuous outcome, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction.
Measured: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Scores on the brief post-education knowledge assessment
Score on a brief post education knowledge assessment about Humphrey visual field testing, administered immediately after the study visit test. The score will be calculated as the number or percentage of correct responses on a clinical visual field questionnaire on a nominal scale with response options such as yes, no, and not sure. Higher scores indicate better knowledge.
Measured: Same day of enrollment up to 2 hours
Second-tested eyes
Test results of the second eye tested in the same session during the Humphrey visual field test (to explore effects of fatigue, learning, or test order).
For participants who undergo testing in both eyes during the same session, the proportion of reliable visual fields for the second tested eye at the study visit, using the same predefined reliability criteria as the primary outcome. Secondary analyses will also evaluate false positive and false negative percentages for the second tested eye and their change from the most recent prior unreliable Humphrey visual field test.
Measured: Same Day of enrollment up to 2 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Jan 2026
- Study startJan 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completionJun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionJun 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for GlaucomaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Stanford UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- * Intervention Group: Participants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test. The LLM will be presented using a 10 inch tablet or laptop device by a trained research team member. The interaction is intended to be self-guided, with no interference from the staff unless the LLM displays incorrect or "hallucinated" content. In such cases, the research staff will immediately correct any misinformation and record the occurrence, including details and frequency of the hallucination, for quality monitoring. The LLM module will deliver instructions, simulate the visual field test experience, and include a brief knowledge check. This LLM-based education is for research purposes only. Afterward, participants will proceed to their scheduled visual field test, which will include standard support from the clinic perimetrist. * Control Group: Participants will receive standard-of-care perimetrist instructions only
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Care provider
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Stanford University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Robert T. Chang, MD, Stanford University
- Investigators
- Robert T Chang, MD, Principal investigator, Stanford University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07327242
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 82165
- Status last verified
- Dec 2025
- First submitted
- 5 Dec 2025
- Last updated
- 8 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 8 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of a Large Language Model-Based Educational Tool on Visual Field Test Reliability in Glaucoma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07327242
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 82165
- Conditions
- Glaucoma, Eye Disorders, Visual Fields, Visual Field Tests
- Keywords
- HVF, humphrey visual field test, Glaucoma, LLM, AI, GPT, ChatGPT, Education
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Enrolling by invitation
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Stanford UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jan 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Jun 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 8 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a large language model (LLM)-based audiovisual educational tool improves the test time and reliability of standard automated perimetry (SAP) using the SITA Standard 24-2 protocol in English-speaking glaucoma patients.
Glaucoma is a disease that can lead to blindness if not properly monitored and treated. One of the most important tests for glaucoma is the visual field (VF) test, which checks how well a person can see in different directions. However, this test is difficult for many patients to perform correctly, especially if they don't fully understand how it works. Unreliable test results can lead to repeated visits, wasted time, and incorrect treatment decisions.
This study is testing whether a computer-based educational tool, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), can help patients better understand the VF test before taking it. The study team want to see if this helps make the test results more reliable. The goal is to improve the quality of care while reducing the burden on patients and clinic staff.
The LLMs will be used as an educational tool only, not for the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (care provider)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- * Intervention Group: Participants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test. The LLM will be presented using a 10 inch tablet or laptop device by a trained research team member. The interaction is intended to be self-guided, with no interference from the staff unless the LLM displays incorrect or "hallucinated" content. In such cases, the research staff will immediately correct any misinformation and record the occurrence, including details and frequency of the hallucination, for quality monitoring. The LLM module will deliver instructions, simulate the visual field test experience, and include a brief knowledge check. This LLM-based education is for research purposes only. Afterward, participants will proceed to their scheduled visual field test, which will include standard support from the clinic perimetrist. * Control Group: Participants will receive standard-of-care perimetrist instructions only
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care | No intervention | –Patients will be informed of the standard protocol of Humphrey visual field testing by visual field technicians prior to their testing. Their education and knowledge will primarily come from the technicians themselves. |
| LLM-based Education + Standard of Care | Experimental | Other: LLM-based EducationParticipants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test, in addition to the standard of care information provided by the Humphrey visual field technicians. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of glaucoma
- English-speaking
- Scheduled for Humphrey visual field testing 24-2 SITA standard
- Having at least 2 prior visual field tests , with the most recent prior test performed using the 24-2 SITA Standard strategy within 2 years before enrollment.
- Best corrected visual acuity in both eyes ≥ 20/40
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Unable to comply with study and questionnaires
- Participant has, in the opinion of the investigator, any physical or mental condition that would affect the participation in the study or may interfere with the study procedures, evaluations and outcome assessments.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| LLM-based EducationParticipants will receive audiovisual education powered by a large language model (LLM) before their visual field test. The LLM will be presented using a 10 inch tablet or laptop device by a trained research team member. The interaction is intended to be self-guided, with no interference from the staff unless the LLM displays incorrect or "hallucinated" content. In such cases, the research staff will immediately correct any misinformation and record the occurrence, including details and frequency of the hallucination, for quality monitoring. The LLM module will deliver instructions, simulate the visual field test experience, and include a brief knowledge check. This LLM-based education is for research purposes only. Afterward, participants will proceed to their scheduled visual field test, which will include standard support from the clinic perimetrist. | Other | LLM-based Education + Standard of Care |
Primary outcome
Humphrey Visual Field Test Taking Duration
Time frame: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Test duration of Humphrey visual field test of the first tested eye will be compared to the same first tested eye of the study participant's previous test as a continuous variable.
5 secondary outcomes
Changes in False Positives and False Negatives (Reliability Indices)
Time frame: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Proportion of Visual Field Test Standard Reliability
Time frame: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Patient satisfaction scale score as measured by Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8)
Time frame: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours
Scores on the brief post-education knowledge assessment
Time frame: Same day of enrollment up to 2 hours
Second-tested eyes
Time frame: Same Day of enrollment up to 2 hours
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 8 Jan 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Robert T Chang, MD principal investigator
Stanford University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing LLM-based Education in people with Glaucoma and Eye Disorders, run by Stanford University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: enrolling by invitation, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Humphrey Visual Field Test Taking Duration (time frame: Same Day of Enrollment up to 2 hours). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Jan 2026.