CABGNCT07331558
Multimodal VR Rehabilitation for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in CABG Phase II
A study testing multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical setting and multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation in people with CABG, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
It will be a randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 66. A convenient sampling technique will be used to recruit the CABG phase II patients for the study. Then, they will be divided into three groups by block randomization. Weight-bearing Liuzijue Qigong will be given as a baseline treatment to all groups. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 30 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- CABG
- What is being tested?
- multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical setting and multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 66 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 2 Dec 2025to 25 Feb 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 30 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Patients who underwent CABG surgery will be recruited after twelve weeks
- Both male and female
- Age 30-60 years old
- LVEF of < 40%
- Persistent dyspnea with a self-rated intensity of ⩾5 (out of 10) on a visual analogue dyspnea scale (this dyspnea rating was only used as an inclusion criterion and not as a measure for outcome)
- Preserved cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score >24)
Who cannot join
- Patient with recurrent history of CABG
- Had a non-cardiac surgical procedure ≤2 months prior to recruitment
- Unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure >180/100 mmHg), a pacemaker or atrial fibrillation, documented peak orifice area valve stenosis, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease that limits exercise capacity.
- Documented chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1 <60% and FVC <60%)
- Any shoulder impairment that would limit exercise participation
- Patients with Kinesiophobia
- Epilepsy, vertigo, eyesight impairment (conditions contraindicated for VR)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Pakistan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Riphah International University
Lahore, Punjab Province, 54000
Wajeeha Zia, 03234500788, wajeeha_z@yahoo.com
About this study
Official title: Effects of Multimodal Virtual Reality-based Rehabilitation on Dyspnea, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, and Quality of Life in CABG Phase II
It will be a randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 66. A convenient sampling technique will be used to recruit the CABG phase II patients for the study. Then, they will be divided into three groups by block randomization. Weight-bearing Liuzijue Qigong will be given as a baseline treatment to all groups. In group A, patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing the nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, in group B, patients will be given multimodal circuit training in a clinical setting while in group C, patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. The dyspnea 12 Questionnaire will be used for measuring dyspnea, Cooper's 12-minute test will be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, echocardiography will be used to assess Left ventricular ejection fraction, EQ-5D-5L will be used to assess quality of life, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to assess the quality of sleep. Data will be entered and analyzed through SPSS version 21.
Read the detailed description
CABG Phase II rehabilitation typically begins a few weeks after hospital discharge and is a structured, medically supervised program aimed at stabilizing patients post-surgery. During this phase, patients often struggle with limited physical capacity, reduced exercise tolerance, and fatigue. Effective cardiac rehabilitation during this critical recovery phase is essential for optimizing health outcomes. Multimodal rehabilitation approaches have been shown to enhance recovery. The integration of innovative techniques like Virtual Reality (VR) into these multimodal programs can further engage patients. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of multimodal virtual reality-based rehabilitation on dyspnea, cardiorespiratory fitness, left ventricular ejection fraction, and quality of life in CABG phase II patients.
It will be a randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 66. A convenient sampling technique will be used to recruit the CABG phase II patients for the study. Then, they will be divided into three groups by block randomization. Weight-bearing Liuzijue Qigong will be given as a baseline treatment to all groups. In group A, patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing the nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, in group B, patients will be given multimodal circuit training in a clinical setting while in group C, patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. The dyspnea 12 Questionnaire will be used for measuring dyspnea, Cooper's 12-minute test will be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, echocardiography will be used to assess Left ventricular ejection fraction, EQ-5D-5L will be used to assess quality of life, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to assess the quality of sleep. Data will be entered and analyzed through SPSS version 21.
- Conditions
- CABG
- Being tested
- multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical setting, multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation
- Keywords
- multimodal treatment, virtual reality, telerehabilitation, education, Circuit Based Exercise, diet, psychological well-being
- Medical subject headings
- Psychological Well-Being
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical settingOther
This will take place in a clinical setting where participants will also view the nature scenes through virtual reality (VR). The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy.
multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical settingOther
This will take place in a real-world clinical setting. The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy.
multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitationOther
This will take place through Google Meetings. The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A | Experimental | Group A: Patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting. Receives: Other: multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting |
| Group B | Experimental | Group B: Patients will be given multimodal circuit training in real -world clinical setting. Receives: Other: multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical setting |
| Group C | Experimental | Group C: Patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. Receives: Other: multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
dyspnea by Dyspnea 12 questionnaire
This 12-item questionnaire was developed to measure the severity of dyspnea. The first seven items of this 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) ask patients about physical difficulties they experience because of dyspnea. The remaining five items of the questionnaire focus on the affective aspects of breathing. The maximum scores for the physical and affective aspects of the questionnaire are 21 and 15, respectively. The minimum total score for the questionnaire is 0, whereas the maximum total score is 36.The higher the score, the more severe will be the dyspnea.
Measured: 2 months
cardiorespiratory fitness by VO2 max (through Cooper 12 min test)
Cooper proposed an indirect approach to estimate VO2 max based on field data. The test can be easily implemented in a common 400 m track field. After a warmup period of about 10 min, subjects are asked to run/ walk as much distance as possible for 12 min. Cooper conducted the test for 105 subjects and found a positive correlation with the value of VO2max quantified via a formal treadmill test. Cooper used linear regression of the covered distance versus the treadmill-estimated VO2 max to find the following relationship:
VO 2 max ≈ 11.288+22.351D12.
Measured: 2 months
left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] by echocardiography
LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) by echocardiography is a key measure of heart function, representing the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It is commonly used to assess cardiac efficiency and detect heart failure or other cardiovascular conditions. Echo provides a non-invasive, real-time evaluation of LVEF, offering insights into the heart's pumping capacity and overall health.
Measured: 2 months
Quality of life by EQ-5D-5L
The EQ-5D questionnaire was developed to measure self-reported health simply and generically. It contains a descriptive system that includes the five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/ depression, and a visual analogue scale (the EQ VAS). Both the descriptive system and the EQ VAS measure the current health of the respondent. Combining the respondents' answers in each of the five dimensions of the descriptive system results in a unique health state. On the EQ-VAS, the respondents rate their current health on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. Zero represents "the worst health you can imagine" and 100 represents "the best health you can imagine".
Measured: 2 months
Secondary outcomes (1)
Sleep by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
The PSQI is an 18-item constructed questionnaire designed to assess overall sleep quality over 1 month. The 18 items are divided into 7 derived component scores: (1) sleep quality, (2) sleep latency, (3) sleep duration, (4) sleep efficiency, (5) sleep disturbance, (6) medication use and (7) daytime dysfunction. These items are rated in terms of the frequency or severity of the problem on a four-point Likert scale (e.g., 0 = Not during the past month, 1 = Less than once a week, 2 = Once or twice a week, 3 = Three or more times a week). The sum of the component scores yields a global PSQI score that ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores representing lower sleep quality.
Measured: 2 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Jan 2026
- Study start2 Dec 2025
- Primary completion25 Feb 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion25 Feb 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for CABGStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Riphah International UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Wajeeha Zia, PP-DPT, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07331558
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Amna Zafar
- Status last verified
- Dec 2025
- First submitted
- 29 Dec 2025
- Last updated
- 12 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Elbrond P, Hojskov IE, Missel M, Borregaard B. Food and heart-the nutritional jungle: Patients' experiences of dietary habits and nutritional counselling after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Jan;29(1-2):85-93. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15061. Epub 2019 Oct 2.
PubMed 31512796Ramos-Campo DJ, Andreu Caravaca L, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Rubio-Arias JA. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology (Basel). 2021 Apr 28;10(5):377. doi: 10.3390/biology10050377.
PubMed 33924785Zamzmi G, Rajaraman S, Hsu LY, Sachdev V, Antani S. Real-time echocardiography image analysis and quantification of cardiac indices. Med Image Anal. 2022 Aug;80:102438. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102438. Epub 2022 Jun 9.
PubMed 35868819Gungor S, Tosun B, Unal N, Dusak I. Evaluation of dyspnea severity and sleep quality in patients with novel coronavirus. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Oct;75(10):e14631. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14631. Epub 2021 Jul 20.
PubMed 34260144Rutkowski S, Szczegielniak J, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Method Supporting Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 18;10(2):352. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020352.
PubMed 33477733Jozwik S, Cieslik B, Gajda R, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Reality-Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2021 May 16;10(10):2148. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102148.
PubMed 34065625Moneruzzaman M, Sun WZ, Changwe GJ, Wang YH. Efficacy of Multiple Exercise Therapy after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023 May 9;24(5):141. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2405141. eCollection 2023 May.
PubMed 39076757Dimitriadis S, Qian E, Irvine A, Harky A. Secondary Prevention Medications Post Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery-A Literature Review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jul;26(4):310-320. doi: 10.1177/1074248420987445. Epub 2021 Jan 29.
PubMed 33514291Montrief T, Koyfman A, Long B. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery complications: A review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Dec;36(12):2289-2297. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.09.014. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
PubMed 30217621Pooria A, Pourya A, Gheini A. Postoperative complications associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their therapeutic interventions. Future Cardiol. 2020 Sep;16(5):481-496. doi: 10.2217/fca-2019-0049. Epub 2020 Jun 4.
PubMed 32495650McNichols B, Spratt JR, George J, Rizzi S, Manning EW, Park K. Coronary Artery Bypass: Review of Surgical Techniques and Impact on Long-Term Revascularization Outcomes. Cardiol Ther. 2021 Jun;10(1):89-109. doi: 10.1007/s40119-021-00211-z. Epub 2021 Jan 30.
PubMed 33515370
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Multimodal Virtual Reality-based Rehabilitation on Dyspnea, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, and Quality of Life in CABG Phase II
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07331558
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Amna Zafar
- Conditions
- CABG
- Keywords
- multimodal treatment, virtual reality, telerehabilitation, education, Circuit Based Exercise, diet, psychological well-being
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 25 Feb 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 25 Feb 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 12 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
It will be a randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 66. A convenient sampling technique will be used to recruit the CABG phase II patients for the study. Then, they will be divided into three groups by block randomization. Weight-bearing Liuzijue Qigong will be given as a baseline treatment to all groups. In group A, patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing the nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, in group B, patients will be given multimodal circuit training in a clinical setting while in group C, patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. The dyspnea 12 Questionnaire will be used for measuring dyspnea, Cooper's 12-minute test will be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, echocardiography will be used to assess Left ventricular ejection fraction, EQ-5D-5L will be used to assess quality of life, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to assess the quality of sleep. Data will be entered and analyzed through SPSS version 21.
Detailed description
CABG Phase II rehabilitation typically begins a few weeks after hospital discharge and is a structured, medically supervised program aimed at stabilizing patients post-surgery. During this phase, patients often struggle with limited physical capacity, reduced exercise tolerance, and fatigue. Effective cardiac rehabilitation during this critical recovery phase is essential for optimizing health outcomes. Multimodal rehabilitation approaches have been shown to enhance recovery. The integration of innovative techniques like Virtual Reality (VR) into these multimodal programs can further engage patients. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of multimodal virtual reality-based rehabilitation on dyspnea, cardiorespiratory fitness, left ventricular ejection fraction, and quality of life in CABG phase II patients.
It will be a randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 66. A convenient sampling technique will be used to recruit the CABG phase II patients for the study. Then, they will be divided into three groups by block randomization. Weight-bearing Liuzijue Qigong will be given as a baseline treatment to all groups. In group A, patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing the nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, in group B, patients will be given multimodal circuit training in a clinical setting while in group C, patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. The dyspnea 12 Questionnaire will be used for measuring dyspnea, Cooper's 12-minute test will be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, echocardiography will be used to assess Left ventricular ejection fraction, EQ-5D-5L will be used to assess quality of life, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to assess the quality of sleep. Data will be entered and analyzed through SPSS version 21.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A | Experimental | Other: multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical settingGroup A: Patients will engage in multimodal circuit training while simultaneously viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting. |
| Group B | Experimental | Other: multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical settingGroup B: Patients will be given multimodal circuit training in real -world clinical setting. |
| Group C | Experimental | Other: multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitationGroup C: Patients will be given multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 30 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Patients who underwent CABG surgery will be recruited after twelve weeks
- Both male and female
- Age 30-60 years old
- LVEF of < 40%
- Persistent dyspnea with a self-rated intensity of ⩾5 (out of 10) on a visual analogue dyspnea scale (this dyspnea rating was only used as an inclusion criterion and not as a measure for outcome)
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Patient with recurrent history of CABG
- Had a non-cardiac surgical procedure ≤2 months prior to recruitment
- Unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure >180/100 mmHg), a pacemaker or atrial fibrillation, documented peak orifice area valve stenosis, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease that limits exercise capacity.
- Documented chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1 <60% and FVC <60%)
- Any shoulder impairment that would limit exercise participation
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical settingThis will take place in a clinical setting where participants will also view the nature scenes through virtual reality (VR). The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy. | Other | Group A |
| multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical settingThis will take place in a real-world clinical setting. The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy. | Other | Group B |
| multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitationThis will take place through Google Meetings. The approach is multimodal, incorporating education through a booklet, physical activity via circuit training, nutritional counselling with a healthy diet prescription, and psychological well-being enhanced by behavioural cognitive therapy. | Other | Group C |
Primary outcome
dyspnea by Dyspnea 12 questionnaire
Time frame: 2 months
This 12-item questionnaire was developed to measure the severity of dyspnea. The first seven items of this 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) ask patients about physical difficulties they experience because of dyspnea. The remaining five items of the questionnaire focus on the affective aspects of breathing. The maximum scores for the physical and affective aspects of the questionnaire are 21 and 15, respectively. The minimum total score for the questionnaire is 0, whereas the maximum total score is 36.The higher the score, the more severe will be the dyspnea.
cardiorespiratory fitness by VO2 max (through Cooper 12 min test)
Time frame: 2 months
Cooper proposed an indirect approach to estimate VO2 max based on field data. The test can be easily implemented in a common 400 m track field. After a warmup period of about 10 min, subjects are asked to run/ walk as much distance as possible for 12 min. Cooper conducted the test for 105 subjects and found a positive correlation with the value of VO2max quantified via a formal treadmill test. Cooper used linear regression of the covered distance versus the treadmill-estimated VO2 max to find the following relationship: VO 2 max ≈ 11.288+22.351D12.
left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] by echocardiography
Time frame: 2 months
LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) by echocardiography is a key measure of heart function, representing the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It is commonly used to assess cardiac efficiency and detect heart failure or other cardiovascular conditions. Echo provides a non-invasive, real-time evaluation of LVEF, offering insights into the heart's pumping capacity and overall health.
Quality of life by EQ-5D-5L
Time frame: 2 months
The EQ-5D questionnaire was developed to measure self-reported health simply and generically. It contains a descriptive system that includes the five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/ depression, and a visual analogue scale (the EQ VAS). Both the descriptive system and the EQ VAS measure the current health of the respondent. Combining the respondents' answers in each of the five dimensions of the descriptive system results in a unique health state. On the EQ-VAS, the respondents rate their current health on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. Zero represents "the worst health you can imagine" and 100 represents "the best health you can imagine".
1 secondary outcome
Sleep by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Time frame: 2 months
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Jan 2026.
- Background: PubMed 31512796Elbrond P, Hojskov IE, Missel M, Borregaard B. Food and heart-the nutritional jungle: Patients' experiences of dietary habits and nutritional counselling after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Jan;29(1-2):85-93. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15061. Epub 2019 Oct 2.
- Background: PubMed 33924785Ramos-Campo DJ, Andreu Caravaca L, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Rubio-Arias JA. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology (Basel). 2021 Apr 28;10(5):377. doi: 10.3390/biology10050377.
- Background: PubMed 35868819Zamzmi G, Rajaraman S, Hsu LY, Sachdev V, Antani S. Real-time echocardiography image analysis and quantification of cardiac indices. Med Image Anal. 2022 Aug;80:102438. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102438. Epub 2022 Jun 9.
- Background: PubMed 34260144Gungor S, Tosun B, Unal N, Dusak I. Evaluation of dyspnea severity and sleep quality in patients with novel coronavirus. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Oct;75(10):e14631. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14631. Epub 2021 Jul 20.
- Background: PubMed 33477733Rutkowski S, Szczegielniak J, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Method Supporting Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 18;10(2):352. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020352.
- Background: PubMed 34065625Jozwik S, Cieslik B, Gajda R, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Reality-Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2021 May 16;10(10):2148. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102148.
- Background: PubMed 39076757Moneruzzaman M, Sun WZ, Changwe GJ, Wang YH. Efficacy of Multiple Exercise Therapy after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023 May 9;24(5):141. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2405141. eCollection 2023 May.
- Background: PubMed 33514291Dimitriadis S, Qian E, Irvine A, Harky A. Secondary Prevention Medications Post Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery-A Literature Review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jul;26(4):310-320. doi: 10.1177/1074248420987445. Epub 2021 Jan 29.
- Background: PubMed 30217621Montrief T, Koyfman A, Long B. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery complications: A review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Dec;36(12):2289-2297. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.09.014. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
- Background: PubMed 32495650Pooria A, Pourya A, Gheini A. Postoperative complications associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their therapeutic interventions. Future Cardiol. 2020 Sep;16(5):481-496. doi: 10.2217/fca-2019-0049. Epub 2020 Jun 4.
- Background: PubMed 33515370McNichols B, Spratt JR, George J, Rizzi S, Manning EW, Park K. Coronary Artery Bypass: Review of Surgical Techniques and Impact on Long-Term Revascularization Outcomes. Cardiol Ther. 2021 Jun;10(1):89-109. doi: 10.1007/s40119-021-00211-z. Epub 2021 Jan 30.
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Wajeeha Zia, PP-DPT principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing multimodal circuit training while viewing nature scenes through VR in a clinical setting, multimodal circuit training in a real-world clinical setting and multimodal circuit training through telerehabilitation in people with CABG, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Wajeeha Zia, PP-DPT (03234500788, wajeeha.zia@riphah.edu.pk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
dyspnea by Dyspnea 12 questionnaire (time frame: 2 months). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07331558, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Jan 2026.