Perceived StressNCT07333365
Efficacy of Interactive Audio-based Mindfulness ChatGPT-Powered Intervention on Well-being
A study testing Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered Intervention, Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered Intervention and Mindfulness Breathing Audio-only in people with Perceived Stress and Positive and Negative Affect, run by Singapore Management University at 1 site in Singapore.
Trial summary
Brief mindfulness intervention is a short form is a form of short-duration practice, typically delivered for around 30 minutes or less (Howarth et al., 2019). It can be conducted in various formats, including a short breathing exercise or body scan (Palascha et al., 2021), and are increasingly offered through digital… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Perceived Stress, Positive and Negative Affect, State Anxiety
- What is being tested?
- Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered Intervention, Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered Intervention and Mindfulness Breathing Audio-only
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 210 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSingapore
- Study dates
- 30 Oct 2025to May 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Participants who are aged 18 to 30 (inclusive)
Who cannot join
- Not applicable
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Singapore1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Singapore Management University
Singapore
Xun Ci Soh, +65 83994980, xunci.soh.2024@msps.smu.edu.sg
About this study
Brief mindfulness intervention is a short form is a form of short-duration practice, typically delivered for around 30 minutes or less (Howarth et al., 2019). It can be conducted in various formats, including a short breathing exercise or body scan (Palascha et al., 2021), and are increasingly offered through digital platforms, including app-based formats.
Empirical evidence has examined the efficacy of brief mindfulness intervention and yielded mixed results. For some studies, positive effects were found, while some studies found no supporting evidence. Such inconsistencies may be due to the several current limitations of brief mindfulness intervention. Firstly, the duration of the intervention is too short. Given this brevity, these short practices may not offer the same immersion and depth that traditional mindfulness may offer. Secondly, most brief mindfulness utilised audio-based formats, which tend to be passive in nature and may not fully engage participants. Lastly, for brief mindfulness delivered through app-based platforms, these applications adopt a self-help approach, which may lower engagement and user commitment. Moreover, these applications also relied on audio guides which lacks the student-facilitator engagement found in traditional classes.
To address the current limitations within the literature, a between-within-subjects experiment will be conducted where participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: (1) an interactive brief mindfulness breathing ChatGPT-powered intervention, (2) an interactive mind-wandering ChatGPT-powered control, or (3) a mindfulness breathing audio control. We hypothesise that the brief mindfulness breathing ChatGPT-powered intervention group will have significant improvements in well-being outcomes as compared to the other two control groups. By exploring the potential of an interactive ChatGPT-powered intervention, this study aims to understand its efficacy in improving well-being.
- Conditions
- Perceived Stress, Positive and Negative Affect, State Anxiety, Self Control, State Mindfulness Attention
- Being tested
- Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered Intervention, Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered Intervention, Mindfulness Breathing Audio-only
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders, Self-Control
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered InterventionOther
The intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mindfulness breathing bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as " Share what this present moments feel like for you", "What sensations do you notice in your abdomen as you place your hand there?", "Share what stood out to you as you noticed your thoughts, feelings, or sensations just now.".
Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered InterventionOther
The intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mind wandering bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as "When you are ready, please share...What feeling or memory stood out most clearly as your mind wandered?", "When you are ready, please share...where did your attention drift... to just now?".
Mindfulness Breathing Audio-onlyOther
This intervention consists of listening to a 15-minute mindfulness breathing audio-only exercise, adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). There will be no verbal interactions in this intervention.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Interactive Mind Wandering (ChatGPT) | Active comparator | The intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mind wandering bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as "When you are ready, please share...What feeling or memory stood out most clearly as your mind wandered?", "When you are ready, please share...where did your attention drift... to just now?". Receives: Other: Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered Intervention |
| Interactive Mindfulness Breathing (ChatGPT) | Experimental | The intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mindfulness breathing bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as " Share what this present moments feel like for you", "What sensations do you notice in your abdomen as you place your hand there?", "Share what stood out to you as you noticed your thoughts, feelings, or sensations just now.". Receives: Other: Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered Intervention |
| Mindfulness Breathing Audio | Active comparator | This intervention consists of listening to a 15-minute mindfulness breathing audio-only exercise, adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). There will be no verbal interactions in this intervention. Receives: Other: Mindfulness Breathing Audio-only |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Stress
Participants' current stress levels will be measured with a single item ("How stressed do you feel right now?"), rated on an 11-point scale (0 = No stress, 10 = Extreme stress).
Measured: Change from pre-intervention (baseline, before intervention) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session)
Positive and Negative Affect
Participants' affective states will be measured using the 18-item Circumplex Model of Affect Scale (Russell, 1980), which assesses emotional states across two separate dimensions: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Participants are required to indicate the extent to which they currently experience each emotion on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Extremely), in response to the question, "Overall, how do you feel right now?".
Measured: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session)
State Anxiety
Participants' state anxiety levels will be measured with the 6-item Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Marteau \& Bekker, 1992), rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 4 = Very much). Participants are required to rate how they generally feel in response to statements presented (e.g., "I feel calm", "I am tense", "I feel upset").
Measured: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
Self-control Capacity
Participants' self-control capacity will be measured with the 5-item Brief State Self-Control Capacity Scale (SMS-5; Ciarocco et al., 2009; Linder et al., 2015), rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Very untrue of me, 7 = Very true of me). Participants are required to rate how they feel in response to the statements presented (e.g., "I feel drained now", "I feel lazy now", "I feel like my willpower is gone now").
Measured: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
State Mindfulness Attention
Mindful Attention State. Participants' state mindfulness attention levels will be measured with the 21-item State Mindfulness Scale (SMS; Tanya \& Bernstein, 2013; Ruimi et al., 2022), on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Very well). Participants are required to rate how they feel in response to the statements presented (e.g., "I was aware of different emotions that arose in me", "I noticed many small details of my experience", "I felt that I was experiencing the present moment fully").
Measured: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Jan 2026
- Study start30 Oct 2025
- Primary completionMay 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionMay 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Perceived StressStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 210 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Singapore Management University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Nanyang Technological University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Soh Xun Ci, Singapore Management University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07333365
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB-25-212-A172-M2(1125)
- Status last verified
- Oct 2025
- First submitted
- 3 Dec 2025
- Last updated
- 12 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Efficacy of Interactive Audio-based Mindfulness ChatGPT-Powered Intervention on Well-being
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07333365
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRB-25-212-A172-M2(1125)
- Conditions
- Perceived Stress, Positive and Negative Affect, State Anxiety, Self Control, State Mindfulness Attention
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 210 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Singapore Management UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Nanyang Technological University
- Study start
- 30 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- May 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 12 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Brief mindfulness intervention is a short form is a form of short-duration practice, typically delivered for around 30 minutes or less (Howarth et al., 2019). It can be conducted in various formats, including a short breathing exercise or body scan (Palascha et al., 2021), and are increasingly offered through digital platforms, including app-based formats.
Empirical evidence has examined the efficacy of brief mindfulness intervention and yielded mixed results. For some studies, positive effects were found, while some studies found no supporting evidence. Such inconsistencies may be due to the several current limitations of brief mindfulness intervention. Firstly, the duration of the intervention is too short. Given this brevity, these short practices may not offer the same immersion and depth that traditional mindfulness may offer. Secondly, most brief mindfulness utilised audio-based formats, which tend to be passive in nature and may not fully engage participants. Lastly, for brief mindfulness delivered through app-based platforms, these applications adopt a self-help approach, which may lower engagement and user commitment. Moreover, these applications also relied on audio guides which lacks the student-facilitator engagement found in traditional classes.
To address the current limitations within the literature, a between-within-subjects experiment will be conducted where participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: (1) an interactive brief mindfulness breathing ChatGPT-powered intervention, (2) an interactive mind-wandering ChatGPT-powered control, or (3) a mindfulness breathing audio control. We hypothesise that the brief mindfulness breathing ChatGPT-powered intervention group will have significant improvements in well-being outcomes as compared to the other two control groups. By exploring the potential of an interactive ChatGPT-powered intervention, this study aims to understand its efficacy in improving well-being.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Interactive Mind Wandering (ChatGPT) | Active comparator | Other: Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered InterventionThe intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mind wandering bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as "When you are ready, please share...What feeling or memory stood out most clearly as your mind wandered?", "When you are ready, please share...where did your attention drift... to just now?". |
| Interactive Mindfulness Breathing (ChatGPT) | Experimental | Other: Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered InterventionThe intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mindfulness breathing bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as " Share what this present moments feel like for you", "What sensations do you notice in your abdomen as you place your hand there?", "Share what stood out to you as you noticed your thoughts, feelings, or sensations just now.". |
| Mindfulness Breathing Audio | Active comparator | Other: Mindfulness Breathing Audio-onlyThis intervention consists of listening to a 15-minute mindfulness breathing audio-only exercise, adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). There will be no verbal interactions in this intervention. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Participants who are aged 18 to 30 (inclusive)
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Not applicable
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered InterventionThe intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mindfulness breathing bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as " Share what this present moments feel like for you", "What sensations do you notice in your abdomen as you place your hand there?", "Share what stood out to you as you noticed your thoughts, feelings, or sensations just now.". | Other | Interactive Mindfulness Breathing (ChatGPT) |
| Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered InterventionThe intervention is a ChatGPT-powered mind wandering bot configured using a 15-minute guided exercise adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). The session is divided into one-minute segments: the first minute provides settling instructions (for example, inviting participants to adopt a comfortable position), followed by step-by-step guidance of the mindfulness breathing exercise. To foster reflection and encourage active engagement, the chatbot was trained to interact with the participants using interactive prompts. This includes asking questions, such as "When you are ready, please share...What feeling or memory stood out most clearly as your mind wandered?", "When you are ready, please share...where did your attention drift... to just now?". | Other | Interactive Mind Wandering (ChatGPT) |
| Mindfulness Breathing Audio-onlyThis intervention consists of listening to a 15-minute mindfulness breathing audio-only exercise, adapted from Hafenbrack et al. (2014), Clinton et al. (2018), and Arch and Craske (2006). There will be no verbal interactions in this intervention. | Other | Mindfulness Breathing Audio |
Primary outcome
Stress
Time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline, before intervention) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session)
Participants' current stress levels will be measured with a single item ("How stressed do you feel right now?"), rated on an 11-point scale (0 = No stress, 10 = Extreme stress).
Positive and Negative Affect
Time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session)
Participants' affective states will be measured using the 18-item Circumplex Model of Affect Scale (Russell, 1980), which assesses emotional states across two separate dimensions: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Participants are required to indicate the extent to which they currently experience each emotion on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Extremely), in response to the question, "Overall, how do you feel right now?".
State Anxiety
Time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
Participants' state anxiety levels will be measured with the 6-item Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Marteau \& Bekker, 1992), rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 4 = Very much). Participants are required to rate how they generally feel in response to statements presented (e.g., "I feel calm", "I am tense", "I feel upset").
Self-control Capacity
Time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
Participants' self-control capacity will be measured with the 5-item Brief State Self-Control Capacity Scale (SMS-5; Ciarocco et al., 2009; Linder et al., 2015), rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Very untrue of me, 7 = Very true of me). Participants are required to rate how they feel in response to the statements presented (e.g., "I feel drained now", "I feel lazy now", "I feel like my willpower is gone now").
State Mindfulness Attention
Time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session).
Mindful Attention State. Participants' state mindfulness attention levels will be measured with the 21-item State Mindfulness Scale (SMS; Tanya \& Bernstein, 2013; Ruimi et al., 2022), on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Very well). Participants are required to rate how they feel in response to the statements presented (e.g., "I was aware of different emotions that arose in me", "I noticed many small details of my experience", "I felt that I was experiencing the present moment fully").
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Jan 2026.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Interactive Mindfulness Breathing ChatGPT-Powered Intervention, Interactive Mind Wandering ChatGPT-Powered Intervention and Mindfulness Breathing Audio-only in people with Perceived Stress and Positive and Negative Affect, run by Singapore Management University at 1 site in Singapore.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Singapore. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Xun Ci Soh (+65 83994980, xunci.soh.2024@msps.smu.edu.sg), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Stress (time frame: Change from pre-intervention (baseline, before intervention) to immediately post-intervention (after the 15-minute session)). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Jan 2026.