Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)T1D-HeatNCT07341243
Exercising in Hot Conditions: How Does it Effect Blood Glucose in People With T1D
A study testing Exercise in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), run by Liverpool John Moores University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
A randomised, crossover, counterbalanced repeated measures study will be conducted to examine the effect of acute heat exposure on rate of change in blood glucose concentration during 40 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise and for 30 minutes after exercise. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
- What is being tested?
- Exercise
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 38 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 1 Nov 2025to 1 Nov 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- T1D diagnosis more than 1 years ago (to ensure participants are out of the honeymoon period)
- Using insulin therapy with multiple daily injections (MDI), insulin pump (pump), or hybrid closed-loop (HCL)
- o If using a HCL system have experience of using a pre-programmed basal rate in manual mode during exercise
- Aged 18-65 years
- Regularly engaged in endurance exercise (training at least twice per week for ≥30 minutes per session)
Who cannot join
- Pregnancy
- <6 months postpartum or stopped breastfeeding <1 month before recruitment
- Existing cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease
- Significant history of hyperglycaemia (HbA1c >85 mmol/mol)
- History of severe hypoglycaemia requiring third party assistance within the last 3 months
- Body weight <36.5kg
Show all 11Show fewer
- Difficulty swallowing tablets
- Appointment for an MRI test that cannot be rescheduled
- Obstructive gastrointestinal disease
- History of gastrointestinal surgery
- Have an implanted medical device
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United Kingdom1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Liverpool John Moores University
Liverpool, L33AF
Matthew Cocks, PhD, 4407540191292, m.s.cocks@ljmu.ac.uk
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Acute Heat Exposure on Glucose Use During Moderate-intensity Exercise in People With Type 1 Diabetes
A randomised, crossover, counterbalanced repeated measures study will be conducted to examine the effect of acute heat exposure on rate of change in blood glucose concentration during 40 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise and for 30 minutes after exercise. Participants will complete two experimental conditions during two separate laboratory visits, with the order of conditions randomised. One condition will be a temperate condition of 20°C with 50% relative humidity (Temperate), the other will be 40°C with 50% relative humidity (Heat). Visits will be identical, including time of day, except for the condition. Visits will be separated by 24h. Testing will take place in the laboratories of the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University.
- Conditions
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
- Being tested
- Exercise
- Keywords
- exercise, heat
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ExerciseBehavioural
exercise in the heat or temperate conditions
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Temperate | Active comparator | 40 minutes of moderate intensity continuous exercise at 20°C with 50% relative humidity Receives: Behavioral: Exercise |
| Heat | Experimental | 40 minutes of moderate intensity continuous exercise at 40°C with 50% relative humidity Receives: Behavioral: Exercise |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
blood glucose
change in blood glucose concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Secondary outcomes (10)
Core temperature
change in core temperature
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Skin temperature
change in skin temperature
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Free fatty acids
change free fatty acid concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
insulin
Change in insulin concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
glucagon
change in glucagon concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
epinephrine
change in epinephrine concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
norepinephrine
change in norepinephrine concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
cortisol
change in cortisol concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Growth hormone
change in Growth hormone concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
lactate
change in lactate concentration
Measured: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Jan 2026
- Study start1 Nov 2025
- Primary completion1 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Nov 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 38 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07341243
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 25/SPS/065
- Acronym
- T1D-Heat
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 25 Nov 2025
- Last updated
- 14 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: On request to PI
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Acute Heat Exposure on Glucose Use During Moderate-intensity Exercise in People With Type 1 Diabetes
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07341243
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- T1D-Heat / 25/SPS/065
- Conditions
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
- Keywords
- exercise, heat
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 38 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Liverpool John Moores UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 14 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
A randomised, crossover, counterbalanced repeated measures study will be conducted to examine the effect of acute heat exposure on rate of change in blood glucose concentration during 40 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise and for 30 minutes after exercise. Participants will complete two experimental conditions during two separate laboratory visits, with the order of conditions randomised. One condition will be a temperate condition of 20°C with 50% relative humidity (Temperate), the other will be 40°C with 50% relative humidity (Heat). Visits will be identical, including time of day, except for the condition. Visits will be separated by 24h. Testing will take place in the laboratories of the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Temperate | Active comparator | Behavioral: Exercise40 minutes of moderate intensity continuous exercise at 20°C with 50% relative humidity |
| Heat | Experimental | Behavioral: Exercise40 minutes of moderate intensity continuous exercise at 40°C with 50% relative humidity |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- T1D diagnosis more than 1 years ago (to ensure participants are out of the honeymoon period)
- Using insulin therapy with multiple daily injections (MDI), insulin pump (pump), or hybrid closed-loop (HCL)
- o If using a HCL system have experience of using a pre-programmed basal rate in manual mode during exercise
- Aged 18-65 years
- Regularly engaged in endurance exercise (training at least twice per week for ≥30 minutes per session)
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Pregnancy
- <6 months postpartum or stopped breastfeeding <1 month before recruitment
- Existing cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease
- Significant history of hyperglycaemia (HbA1c >85 mmol/mol)
- History of severe hypoglycaemia requiring third party assistance within the last 3 months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Exerciseexercise in the heat or temperate conditions | Behavioural | Heat, Temperate |
Primary outcome
blood glucose
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
change in blood glucose concentration
10 secondary outcomes
Core temperature
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Skin temperature
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Free fatty acids
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
insulin
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
glucagon
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
epinephrine
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
norepinephrine
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
cortisol
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Growth hormone
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
lactate
Time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Jan 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. On request to PI
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Exercise in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), run by Liverpool John Moores University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Matthew Cocks, PhD (447540191292, m.s.cocks@ljmu.ac.uk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
blood glucose (time frame: Baseline pre exercise to end of exercise (40 minutes)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Jan 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 2 Nov 2026.