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Trauma and Stress Related DisordersP-CRPNCT07360990

P-CRP for Recent-Onset Severe Trauma

A study testing Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP). and Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD) in people with Trauma and Stress Related Disorders and Grief (Traumatic Grief and Existential Grief), run by Zahide Betül Baydar at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new psychotherapy technique called Psychological Cognitive Reprocessing Procedure (P-CRP) in treating trauma symptoms. The P-CRP intervention was developed and manualized by the principal investigator (Z.B.Baydar). Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 to 65 years
What is being tested?
Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP). and Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD)
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
43 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
5 Mar 2025to 11 Jul 2025
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 to 65 years
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Individuals were excluded if they had:

  1. An Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) score greater than 7.
  2. A history of psychotic disorder or bipolar disorder.
  3. Current suicide risk.
  4. Substance use disorder.
  5. Prior therapeutic contact with the researcher.
  6. A target traumatic event that had occurred more than one year earlier.
  7. Not meeting clinical DSM-5 criteria for PTSD during the clinician-administered semi-structured interview, regardless of initial self-report scores.
  8. Current participation in any other form of psychotherapy or psychiatric intervention.

Individuals were included if they had:

  1. Meeting DSM-5 criteria for PTSD symptoms (verified by IES-R scores and clinician-led semi-structured interview).
  2. Having experienced a target traumatic event or loss within the past 12 months.
  3. Willingness to provide informed consent and participate in all intervention sessions.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site

  • Zahide Betül Baydar

    Istanbul, Istanbul, 34876

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Psychological-Cognitive Reprocessing Procedure for Recent-Onset Severe Post-Traumatic Stress in Adults: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new psychotherapy technique called Psychological Cognitive Reprocessing Procedure (P-CRP) in treating trauma symptoms. The P-CRP intervention was developed and manualized by the principal investigator (Z.B.Baydar). Participants were randomly assigned to either the P-CRP intervention group, an active control group, or a waitlist condition. The study aimed to determine if this new method, which focused on episodic buffer processing, significantly reduced trauma-related psychological distress compared to standard approaches. Data collected during the intervention phase were analyzed to assess the efficacy of the P-CRP technique.

Being tested
Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP)., Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD)
Keywords
Episodic buffer, P-CRP, Brief intervention, recent-onset severe trauma, preliminary randomized controlled trial, adults
Medical subject headings
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders, Prolonged Grief Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP).Behavioural

    Unlike traditional approaches, the traumatic imagery is not directly targeted in the first session. The intervention begins with the silent repetition of a word or phrase representing the core negative belief associated with the traumatic experience. . During each 1-minute set, bilateral stimulation (synchronized tapping on the shoulders only) is applied, allowing the client to process the traumatic material through spontaneously emerging associations selected by the mind itself. Rather than relying on external direction, the protocol activates internal self-regulation capacities. In this respect, it aims to promote semantic and symbolic reorganization, differing from classical cognitive restructuring or desensitization-based methods. The decision about which aspect of the experience will be processed or desensitized is determined by the client's own mental flow, thereby reinforcing a sense of trust in the mind's capacity despite the traumatic history.

  • Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD)Behavioural

    Following initial anamnesis and psychoeducation, clients recounted their trauma and drew a self-selected symbol of the event using their non-dominant hand. Each session involved discussing the memory and updating this symbol to facilitate indirect processing through creative expression.

Study groups in NCT07360990
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP).ExperimentalThe P-CRP was the experimental group receiving four session the intervention. The Psychological-Cognitive Reprocessing Procedure (P-CRP) is a brief and a neuro-psychological intervention based on the episodic buffer model. This process facilitates the separation of cognitions from automatic processing and pulls traumatic fragments into the episodic buffer through simultaneous neuronal firing. This integration helps resolve the semantic fragmentation caused by trauma, allowing for cognitive reintegration and meaning making.
Receives: Behavioral: Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP).
Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD)Active comparatorControl participants received four session a narrative-based expressive and symbolic drawing protocol. The intervention delivered to the control group can be characterized as an active, experiential, projective, and sensory-supported approach.
Receives: Behavioral: Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD)
Waitlist GroupNo interventionParticipants in this group did not receive any active psychological intervention during the study period. They completed the pre-test and follow-up assessments at the same time intervals as the intervention groups. Following the completion of the follow-up phase, participants in the wait-list group were offered a psychological intervention protocol based on the study's findings to ensure ethical treatment standards.

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. The Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R)

    The IES-R is a 22-item self-report scale designed to assess the psychological impact of traumatic experiences across three subdimensions: intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = not at all to 4 = extremely) based on symptom frequency over the past seven days. Total scores range from 0 to 88, where higher scores indicate greater severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. According to the literature, scores of 33 and above suggest a probable PTSD diagnosis. The Turkish adaptation was used, which demonstrated high validity and reliability.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 6), and Follow-up (Week 10) .

Secondary outcomes (3)

  1. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

    At the beginning of the scale, four demographic questions are included (name, gender, age, and occupation). The instrument uses a four-point Likert-type response format. The State Anxiety subscale consists of 20 items rated on a scale from (1) Not at all to (4) Very much so. The Trait Anxiety subscale also contains 20 items, with response options ranging from (1) Almost never to (4) Almost always. Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported in the Turkish adaptation were α = .72 for the State Anxiety subscale, α = .67 for the Trait Anxiety subscale, and α = .70 for the total scale; overall reliability values for the instrument have been reported to fall between α = .60 and α = .80.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 6), and Follow-up (Week 10)

  2. The Body Sensations Questionnaire (BSQ).

    It is a 17-item self-report measure assessing fear of bodily sensations associated with arousal and panic. Cronbach's alpha for the scale is reported as .92; in the current study, internal consistency was α = .93.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 6), and Follow-up (Week 10)

  3. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

    Scale is a 20-item scale consisting of 10 positive and 10 negative affect items. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were α = .86 for Positive Affect and α = .82 for Negative Affect.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 6), and Follow-up (Week 10)

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted22 Jan 2026
  2. Study start5 Mar 2025
  3. Primary completion11 Jun 2025
  4. Study completion11 Jul 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
The study is a three-arm pilot randomized controlled trial consisting of an intervention group, a control group, and a waiting-list group.
Masking
Single blind
Who is masked
Participant
Enrolment
43 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07360990
Sponsor's protocol ID
E-53938333-050-50007
Acronym
P-CRP
Status last verified
Jul 2026
First submitted
1 Jan 2026
Last updated
14 Jul 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality and ethical restrictions established in the informed consent agreement. However, de-identified data may be made available from the corresponding author (\[Z.B.B\]) upon reasonable request for scientific purposes.

Publications

  • Whitall, J., Waller, S. M., Silver, K. H. C., & Macko, R. F. (2000). Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Stroke, 31(10), 2390-2395. Whitall, J., Waller, S. M., Sorkin, J. D., Forrester, L. W., Macko, R. F., Hanley, D. F., & Goldberg, A. P. (2011). Bilateral and unilateral arm training improve motor function through differing neuroplastic mechanisms: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 25(2), 118-129. Zainal, N., Newman, M., & Hong, R. (2019). Cross-cultural and gender invariance of transdiagnostic processes in the united states and singapore. Assessment, 28(2), 485-502.

  • Webb CA, Derubeis RJ, Barber JP. Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010 Apr;78(2):200-11. doi: 10.1037/a0018912.

    PubMed 20350031

  • Pagani, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Verardo, A. R., Nicolais, G., Monaco, L., Lauretti, G., Russo, R., Niolu, C., & Siracusano, A. (2012). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring-An EEG study. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e45753. Pagani, M., Amann, B. L., Landin-Romero, R., & Carletto, S. (2017). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and slow wave sleep: A putative mechanism of action. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1935. Park, C. L. (2022). Meaning making following trauma. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:844891 Picó-Pérez, M., Fullana, M. À., Albajes-Eizagirre, A., Vega, D., Marco-Pallarés, J., Vilar, A., … & Soriano-Mas, C. (2022). Neural predictors of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome in anxiety-related disorders: a meta-analysis of task-based fmri studies. Psychological Medicine, 53(8), 3387-3395. Rank, O. (2001/2024). Doğum travması (S. Yücesoy, Çev.). Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal eser 1924'te yayımlandı.) Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Mintz, J., Young-McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Borah, A. M., … & Peterson, A. L. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of group cognitive processing therapy compared with group present-centered therapy for ptsd among active duty military personnel.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1058-1068. Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and repro-cessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd ed.).New York: Guilford Shapiro, F. (2021). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. Shiffrin, R. and Atkinson, R. (1969). Storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory.. Psychological Review, 76(2), 179-193. Schore, A. (2021). The interpersonal neurobiology of intersubjectivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Silfwerbrand, L., Ogata, Y., Yoshimura, N., Koike, Y., & Gingnell, M. (2022). An fMRI-study of leading and following using rhythmic tapping. Social Neuroscience, 17(6), 558-567. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L.,& Lu

  • Jung, C. G. (1968). The collected works of C. G. Jung: Vol. 9, Part 1. The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton University Press.Kazdin, A. E. (2019). Research design in clinical psychology (5th ed.). Pearson Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. H. (2003). Metaphors we live by.. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Schuster. Lind, J. and Zumbo, B. D. (1993). The continuity principle in psychological research: an introduction to robust statistics.. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 34(4), 407-414. Malmberg, K. J., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2019). 50 years of research sparked by atkinson and shiffrin (1968). Memory & Cognition, 47(4), 561-574. McEvoy, P., Nathan, P., & Norton, P. (2009). Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments: a review of published outcome studies and future research directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(1), 20-33. Nechvatal, J. M. and Lyons, D. M. (2013). Coping changes the brain. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7.

  • Husabø, E., Haugland, B. S. M., McLeod, B. D., Baste, V., Haaland, V. Ø., Bjaastad, J. F., … & Wergeland, G. J. (2021). Treatment fidelity in brief versus standard-length school-based interventions for youth with anxiety. School Mental Health, 14(1), 49-62.

  • Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3 -24). Guilford Press. Gaden, T. S., Gold, C., Aßmus, J., Kvestad, I., Stordal, A. S., Bieleninik, Ł., … & Ghetti, C. (2023). Treatment fidelity in a pragmatic clinical trial of music therapy for premature infants and their parents: the longstep study. Trials, 24(1). Gazzaniga, M. S. (2000). Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain, 123(7), 1293-1326. Hertzog, M. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(2), 180-191. Hinton, D. E., & Good, B. J. (2016). *Culture and PTSD: Trauma in global and historical perspective*. University of Pennsylvania Press.

  • Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986 Jan;99(1):20-35. No abstract available.

    PubMed 2871574

  • Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2000 Apr;38(4):319-45. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0.

    PubMed 10761279

  • Edwards, B. (1989). Drawing on the right side of the brain. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam.

  • De Guio, F., St-Onge, E., Perlbarg, V., Urbain, C., Benali, H., & Cohen, L. (2012). An fMRI study comparing rhythmic finger tapping and complex movement sequences. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 318.

  • Cowan N, Elliott EM, Scott Saults J, Morey CC, Mattox S, Hismjatullina A, Conway AR. On the capacity of attention: its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cogn Psychol. 2005 Aug;51(1):42-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001. Epub 2005 Mar 2.

    PubMed 16039935

  • Brown, R. E. (2007). The life and work of Donald Olding Hebb, Canada's greatest psychologist. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 44(1), 1-25.

  • Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jan;140(1):69-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033722. Epub 2013 Aug 5.

    PubMed 23914721

  • Bryant RA, Erlinger M, Felmingham K, Klimova A, Williams LM, Malhi G, Forbes D, Korgaonkar MS. Reappraisal-related neural predictors of treatment response to cognitive behavior therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med. 2021 Oct;51(14):2454-2464. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720001129. Epub 2020 May 5.

    PubMed 32366351

  • Bonanno GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol. 2004 Jan;59(1):20-8. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.

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Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Psychological-cognitive reprocessing procedure (P-CRP). and Expressive Narrative and Symbolic Drawing (ENSD) in people with Trauma and Stress Related Disorders and Grief (Traumatic Grief and Existential Grief), run by Zahide Betül Baydar at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

The Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R) (time frame: Baseline (Week 0), Post-intervention (Week 6), and Follow-up (Week 10) .). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07360990, which also lists 31 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Jul 2026.

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