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Pain ManagementNCT07389382

The Effectiveness of the Three-dimensional Biochemical Activity Model of Pain

A study testing 3D printed pain biochemical activity training model and PowerPoint Presentations in people with Pain Management and 3D Printing, run by Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to develop a pain biochemical activity model taken from a three-dimensional printer and fixed by applying epoxy resin and to investigate the effect of this model on nursing students' understanding of the pain mechanism and their motivation to learn. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Pain Management, 3D Printing, Education Nursing
What is being tested?
3D printed pain biochemical activity training model and PowerPoint Presentations
Type of treatment
Medical device
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
90 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
12 May 2024to 12 Aug 2025
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Being over 18 years old
  • Participating voluntarily in the research
  • Not having received any previous training in pain
  • Being a native Turkish speaker

Who cannot join

  • Being under 18 years old
  • Not participating voluntarily in the research
  • Having received any previous training in pain
  • Not being a native Turkish speaker

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site

  • Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University

    Zonguldak, Zonguldak Province, 67100

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Effect of Three-Dimensional Educational Material Developed for Pain Mechanisms on Motivation and Knowledge Levels

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to develop a pain biochemical activity model taken from a three-dimensional printer and fixed by applying epoxy resin and to investigate the effect of this model on nursing students' understanding of the pain mechanism and their motivation to learn.

Methods: The universe of the study consisted of students enrolled in the Biochemistry course at the faculty of nursing of a university in the north of Türkiye during the spring semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. Students were divided into three strata based on their achievement average: high (75 and above), moderate (55-75), and low (54 and below). Forty-five students from each stratum were selected using computer-assisted randomization and assigned to the intervention and control groups. "Student Identification Form", "Pain Mechanism Information Form", "Instructional Material Motivation Scale" and The CONSORT checklist were used to collect data.

Being tested
3D printed pain biochemical activity training model, PowerPoint Presentations
Keywords
Pain Management, 3D Printing, Nursing Students, Education, Motivation to learn
Medical subject headings
Agnosia

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • 3D printed pain biochemical activity training modelDevice

    Computer-generated drawings designed to explain the biochemical mechanism of pain were created using plastic filaments from a 3D printer. Students were divided into small groups of nine using the resulting figures, and the processes of pain mechanisms were explained. At the end of the session, the figures were fixed by applying epoxy resin. After the students poured the epoxy resin onto the models in liquid form, it solidified within six hours, securing the shape as a transparent layer.

  • PowerPoint PresentationsOther

    Students in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.

Study groups in NCT07389382
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Intervention groupExperimentalStudents in the intervention group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using a 3D-printed pain biochemical activity model.
Receives: Device: 3D printed pain biochemical activity training model
control groupOtherStudents in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.
Receives: Other: PowerPoint Presentations

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Student Identification Form

    This form including students' age, gender, high school type, native language, whether they choose a career voluntarily, and whether they have received previous training on pain.

    Measured: This form consisted of six questions and was administered to students one hour prior to the training.

  2. Pain Mechanism Information Form

    The Pain Mechanism Information Form was developed by the researchers based on literature. The developed questionnaire consists of 14 items, each prepared in a short-answer and fill-in-the-blank format. The scope of the Pain Mechanism Information Form includes: Pain physiology and classification, structure of nociceptors and pain transmission pathways, chemical mediators (Bradykinin, Prostaglandin, Serotonin, CGRP, Substance-P, Histamine), peripheral nerve ending release and mast cell activation, and vascular effects of inflammation (vasodilation, edema).

    Five experts were consulted to ensure the validity of the Pain Mechanism Information Form. Each item was reviewed for its appropriateness and clarity for the intended learning outcomes and content, and necessary revisions were made based on the expert opinions. To ensure reliability, scoring was assessed for short-answer tests, and the questionnaires were scored separately by two raters. The inter-rater reliability coefficient (Cohen'

    Measured: This form was applied to students 15 minutes before the training began and 5 minutes after the training ended.

Secondary outcomes (1)

  1. Instructional Material Motivation Scale

    This scale was developed by Tugtekin and Dursun (2022) to measure motivation related to the instructional materials used. It is a one-dimensional, 14-item, 5-point Likert-type self-report scale. High scores on the scale indicate high motivation. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient for the measurement tool in this study was determined to be 0.942. Item-total correlation values ranged from 0.629 to 0.820. Permission for use of the scale was obtained from the author via email.

    Measured: This form was applied to students 30 minutes after the training ended.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted5 Feb 2026
  2. Study start12 May 2024
  3. Primary completion12 Oct 2024
  4. Study completion12 Aug 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
90 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07389382
Sponsor's protocol ID
428991-579/24
Status last verified
Oct 2025
First submitted
27 Nov 2025
Last updated
5 Feb 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Ortiz MI, Cuevas-Suarez CE, Carino-Cortes R, Navarrete-Hernandez JJ, Gonzalez-Montiel CA. Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Pract. 2022 Aug;63:103390. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103390. Epub 2022 Jun 24.

    PubMed 35803183

  • Erickson JM, Brashers V, Owen J, Marks JR, Thomas SM. Effectiveness of an interprofessional workshop on pain management for medical and nursing students. J Interprof Care. 2016 Jul;30(4):466-74. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2016.1159185. Epub 2016 Jun 6.

    PubMed 27268513

  • Murphy-Smith MT, Samawi Z, Abbott P. Teaching Strategies for Nonpharmacological Pain Management to Nursing Students. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024 Oct;25(5):474-479. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2024.04.006. Epub 2024 May 6.

    PubMed 38714423

  • Cousins M, Lane-Krebs K, Matthews J, Johnston-Devin C. Student nurses' pain knowledge and attitudes towards pain management over the last 20 years: A systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Jan;108:105169. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105169. Epub 2021 Oct 9.

    PubMed 34653890

  • Alshehri FA, Levett-Jones T, Pich J. Nursing students' knowledge of and attitudes towards pain management: An integrative review. Nurse Educ Today. 2024 Aug;139:106207. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106207. Epub 2024 Apr 10.

    PubMed 38669861

  • Adillon C, Lozano E, Salvat I. Comparison of pain neurophysiology knowledge among health sciences students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2015 Oct 22;8:592. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1585-y.

    PubMed 26493565

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing 3D printed pain biochemical activity training model and PowerPoint Presentations in people with Pain Management and 3D Printing, run by Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Student Identification Form (time frame: This form consisted of six questions and was administered to students one hour prior to the training.). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07389382, which also lists 6 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 Feb 2026.

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