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Pancreatitis, Acute NecrotizingSTEP-INNCT07406698

Strategic Timing of Endoscopic Interventions in Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis

A study testing EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection in people with Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing, run by Orlando Health, Inc. at 1 site in United States.

Recruiting

Looking for participants now. Contact the study team or a site below to ask about taking part.

Sites and contacts
Official record
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Trial summary

Pancreatic necrosis complicates approximately 20-30% of severe acute pancreatitis cases. While many collections resolve without intervention, persistent symptomatic collections-particularly when infected-are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and frequently require procedural management. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and older
Conditions the study is for
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
What is being tested?
EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection
Type of treatment
Surgery or procedure
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
104 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
28 Jan 2026to 31 Dec 2029
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Age ≥ 18 years
  • Patients with symptomatic necrotic collection diagnosed on MRI or CT abdomen/pelvis, defined as fluid collection in the setting of documented pancreatic necrosis that contains necrotic material and encased within a partial or complete wall.
  • Documented or suspected infected necrotizing pancreatitis 1) Documented infected necrotizing pancreatitis, defined as: i. Positive culture obtained with percutaneous fine needle aspiration from the pancreatic necrotic collection (if intervention is undertaken ≤14 days of onset of acute pancreatitis) ii. OR gas in the necrotic collection on imaging at any time. 2) Suspected infected necrotizing pancreatitis, if >14 days after onset of disease, defined as: i. Persistent organ failure in patients admitted to the ICU ii. OR presence of at least three of the following six clinical/laboratory parameters (SIRS criteria or elevated CRP or elevated procalcitonin) with no other infection focus. These clinical criteria are considered sufficiently reliable only after the initial 14 days of acute pancreatitis:
  • Temperature >100.4 °F or <96.8 °F
  • Heart rate > 90 beats/min
  • Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg
Show all 10Show fewer
  • WBC count >12,000/mm³, or <4,000/mm³, or more than 10% immature band cells
  • CRP ≥ 30mg/L
  • Procalcitonin ≥ 1ng/mL
  • Endoscopic drainage of the necrotic collection is technically feasible as deemed by the treating physician.

Who cannot join

  • Age < 18 years
  • > 26 days after the onset of acute pancreatitis
  • Indication for emergency laparotomy for abdominal catastrophe (e.g. bleeding, bowel perforation, abdominal compartment syndrome).
  • Necrotic collection is not amenable for endoscopic intervention.
  • Pregnancy.
  • Unable to obtain informed consent from the patient or legally authorized representative.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

United States1 site, 1 recruiting
  • Orlando Health Digestive Health Institute

    Orlando, Florida, 32806

    Ji Young Bang, MD MPH, 321-842-2273, jiyoung.bang@orlandohealth.com

    Recruiting

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Strategic Timing of Endoscopic Procedural Interventions in Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis: The STEP-IN Trial

Pancreatic necrosis complicates approximately 20-30% of severe acute pancreatitis cases. While many collections resolve without intervention, persistent symptomatic collections-particularly when infected-are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and frequently require procedural management. Current guidelines recommend delaying intervention until collections are fully walled off, typically around four weeks. However, in clinical practice, many patients deteriorate before this window is reached.

Prospective data from our institution, supported by recent meta-analyses, suggest that early intervention using modern endoscopic techniques can be performed safely, even when undertaken within the first four weeks of disease onset. We believe that, in appropriately selected patients, early endoscopic intervention may prevent clinical deterioration, reduce complications, shorten hospital stay, and decrease overall healthcare utilization compared with a delayed approach.

To formally evaluate this strategy, an international, multicenter randomized trial is being conducted, entitled Strategic Timing of Endoscopic Procedural Interventions in Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis (STEP-IN Trial).

Read the detailed description

Acute pancreatitis imposes a significant burden on the US health-care system, resulting in approximately 300,000 hospital admissions annually and generating costs exceeding $2 billion. Necrotizing pancreatitis develops in approximately 20 to 30% of patients with acute pancreatitis. It can mature into a contained necrotic collection, typically four weeks into the disease course. While some collections may resolve without an intervention, persistent collections can result in symptoms such as pain, abdominal fullness restricting nutrition, vomiting due to gastric outlet obstruction, obstructive jaundice due to a large collection in the pancreatic head, new-onset or persisting organ failure, continued unwellness or infection that is associated with a mortality of 15-20%, and requires drainage and necrosectomy.

International guidelines recommend that, when possible, treatment should be delayed in patients with suspected or confirmed infected necrotizing pancreatitis, to allow for the collection to be walled-off with better demarcation and liquefaction of the necrosis, which generally takes around 4 weeks. The main rationale for postponement of an invasive intervention is to prevent complications, but this rationale originated from an era when open surgical necrosectomy was performed.

Recently, there has been a shift away from open surgery towards minimally invasive treatment approaches. The current standard approach for treatment is a minimally invasive step-up approach with percutaneous catheter or transluminal endoscopic drainage as the first step, followed by video-assisted retroperitoneal/sinus-tract or transgastric necrosectomy. The development of cautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) for endoscopic drainage has significantly simplified the technical aspects of the procedure that facilitates its performance even in very sick patients.

Although international guidelines recommend postponing treatment until 4-weeks when the necrosis is better demarcated, in an international survey of expert pancreatologists, 45% of the respondents reported that they recommend immediate catheter drainage as soon as infected pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis is diagnosed. In addition, a recent clinical practice guideline from the American Gastroenterological Association states that catheter drainage should be strongly considered when there is a concern of infection, even in the early phase of disease. However, a multicenter, randomized trial did not show superiority for immediate over postponed catheter drainage in reducing complications in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis.

Prospective data from our institution and from the meta-analysis suggest that interventions can be undertaken safely adopting state-of-the-art endoscopic methods even when the onset of pancreatitis is less than 4 weeks. Our data also suggest that although a significant proportion of patients undergoing early interventions (adopting an endoscopic approach) do not have a fully encapsulated collection, their treatment outcomes are not negatively impacted by such approach. If an early intervention, adopting an endoscopic approach, can be undertaken safely, it potentially can prevent further clinical deterioration and therefore complications, decrease length of hospitalization as patients may not have to wait for 3 to 4 weeks and overall treatment costs as compared to postponing the intervention until 4-weeks when the necrosis is fully walled-off.

The STEP-IN trial therefore is a natural step in the advancement of our understanding of timing of interventions in necrotizing pancreatitis as it answers an important clinical question: can early interventions be undertaken safely without subjecting patients to an arbitrary time frame of 4-weeks? In this study we challenge the existing paradigm of delayed intervention in attempt to further improve the clinical outcomes in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis.

Being tested
EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection
Keywords
Endoscopic ultrasound, Drainage, Necrotic collection, Timing of intervention
Medical subject headings
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collectionProcedure or surgery

    EUS-guided drainage of the necrotic collection is performed by placement of a metal stent within the dominant collection.

Study groups in NCT07406698
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Early endoscopic intervention in infected necrotizing pancreatitisActive comparatorIn the early treatment group, EUS-guided drainage is undertaken within 72 hours of randomization, earlier than 28 days after the onset of acute pancreatitis.
Receives: Procedure: EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection
Postponed endoscopic intervention in infected necrotizing pancreatitisActive comparatorIn the postponed treatment group, EUS-guided drainage is undertaken only from 28 days after the onset of acute pancreatitis when the collection is fully or predominantly walled-off (encapsulated).
Receives: Procedure: EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Composite of major complications or death

    Proportion of patients experiencing a major complication or death. Major complications comprise new onset organ failure, new onset systemic dysfunction, enteral or pancreatic-cutaneous fistula, intraabdominal bleeding, or visceral perforation.

    Measured: 6 months

Secondary outcomes (23)
  1. Mortality

    Proportion of patients with mortality from any cause

    Measured: 6 months

  2. Major complications

    Proportion of patients experiencing major complications. Major complications comprise new onset organ failure (respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, hematologic, neurologic, or metabolic failure), new onset systemic dysfunction, enteral or pancreatic-cutaneous fistula, intraabdominal bleeding, or visceral perforation

    Measured: 6 months

  3. New onset single and multiple organ failure

    Proportion of patients with new onset failure of at least one organ system

    Measured: 6 months

  4. New onset systemic dysfunction

    Proportion of patients with worsening of any pre-existing medical condition

    Measured: 6 months

  5. Enterocutaneous and pancreatic fistula

    Proportion of patients with enterocutaneous fistula or pancreatic fistula. Enterocutaneous fistula is the formation of a fistula between the small bowel or colon and skin as indicated by feculent output from a percutaneous catheter or surgical wound site, confirmed on imaging or surgery.

    Pancreatic fistula is the formation of a fistula between the pancreas and skin as indicated by amylase-rich fluid output from a percutaneous catheter or surgical wound site, persisting after 3 months, and requiring specific treatment that include parenteral or enteral nutrition, antibiotics, somatostatin analogues and minimally invasive drainage.

    Measured: 6 months

  6. Intraabdominal bleeding

    Proportion of patients with intraabdominal bleeding. Intraabdominal bleeding is defined as bleeding within the intraabdominal cavity or gastrointestinal tract requiring interventional procedure

    Measured: 6 monthts

  7. Visceral perforation

    Proportion of patients with visceral perforation. Visceral perforation is defined as the perforation of a visceral organ requiring interventional procedure

    Measured: 6 months

  8. Incisional hernia

    Proportion of patients with incisional hernia. Incisional hernia is defined as herniation of intraabdominal structures through an area of weakness in the abdominal fascia, requiring surgical intervention or persisting at 6-month follow-up

    Measured: 6 months

  9. Surgical site infection

    Proportion of patients with surgical site infection. Surgical site infection is defined as the infection in superficial or deep layers of the abdominal wall at the site of prior intervention, as evident by the presence of purulent drainage or abscess on physical examination, imaging and/or requiring intervention

    Measured: 6 months

  10. New onset diabetes

    Proportion of patients with new onset diabetes. New onset diabetes is defined as new onset elevation in fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL after an oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

    Measured: 6 months

  11. New diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

    Proportion of patients with new diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is defined as fecal elastase level < 200μg/g in patients not previously taking pancreatic enzyme supplements

    Measured: 6 months

  12. Procedure-related adverse events

    Proportion of patients with any adverse event resulting from endoscopic or surgical intervention

    Measured: 6 months

  13. Disease-related adverse events

    Proportion of patients with any adverse event resulting from necrotizing pancreatitis

    Measured: 6 months

  14. Number of interventions

    Number of interventions performed for treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis including endoscopic, surgical and radiological interventions

    Measured: 6 months

  15. Length of hospitalization

    Length of hospitalization, including length of ICU stay

    Measured: 6 months

  16. Readmissions

    Proportion of patients with hospital admissions due to underlying disease or procedure-related adverse events

    Measured: 6 months

  17. Presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at 72 hours post-index intervention

    Proportion of patients with positive SIRS at 72 hours post-index procedure. Positive SIRS is defined by the presence of at least two of the following four criteria:

    1. Body temperature >100.4 °F or < 96.8 °F
    2. Heart rate > 90 beats/minute
    3. Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/minute or PaCO2 < 32mmHg
    4. White blood cell count > 12 or < 4 x109/L or > 10% immature neutrophils

    Measured: 72 hours

  18. New onset systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at 72 hours post-index intervention

    Proportion of patients with new onset SIRS at 72 hours post-index intervention. Positive SIRS is defined by the presence of at least two of the following four criteria:

    1. Body temperature >100.4 °F or < 96.8 °F
    2. Heart rate > 90 beats/minute
    3. Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/minute or PaCO2 < 32mmHg
    4. White blood cell count > 12 or < 4 x109/L or > 10% immature neutrophils

    Measured: 72 hours

  19. Resolution and improvement of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at 72 hours post-index intervention

    Proportion of patients with resolution of SIRS at 72 hours post-index intervention. Positive SIRS is defined by the presence of at least two of the following four criteria:

    1. Body temperature >100.4 °F or < 96.8 °F
    2. Heart rate > 90 beats/minute
    3. Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/minute or PaCO2 < 32mmHg
    4. White blood cell count > 12 or < 4 x109/L or > 10% immature neutrophils

    Measured: 72 hours

  20. Technical success

    Rate of technical success. Technical success is defined as the successful completion of EUS-guided drainage of the necrotic collection

    Measured: 6 months

  21. Treatment success

    Rate of treatment success. Treatment success is defined as the resolution of necrotic collection on CT scan in association with clinical resolution of symptoms at 6 months from index intervention

    Measured: 6 months

  22. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL)

    Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores as assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-36)

    Measured: 6 months

  23. Overall treatment costs

    Overall treatment costs from admission until hospital discharge. All relevant costs pertaining to treatment will be taken into consideration - procedure costs, cost of inpatient hospital stay (from date of procedure to discharge), cost of medications, cost of materials, cost of anesthesia, cost of pharmacy and cost of imaging studies.

    Measured: 6 months

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted12 Feb 2026
  2. Study start28 Jan 2026 (estimated)
  3. Primary completion30 Jun 2029 (estimated)
  4. Study completion31 Dec 2029 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
Single blind
Who is masked
Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
104 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07406698
Sponsor's protocol ID
2401309
Acronym
STEP-IN
Status last verified
Jan 2026
First submitted
2 Feb 2026
Last updated
12 Feb 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing EUS-guided transluminal drainage of necrotic collection in people with Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing, run by Orlando Health, Inc. at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 10 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Ji Young Bang, MD MPH (321-842-2273, jiyoung.bang@orlandohealth.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Composite of major complications or death (time frame: 6 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Feb 2026.

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