Non-verbal Learning DisorderNCT07407270
The Effects of Bilateral and Unilateral Perceptual-Motor Exercises on Manual Dexterity and Visuospatial Memory in Children With Nonverbal Learning Disorder
A study testing Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities, Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention and Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2 in people with Non-verbal Learning Disorder, run by Allameh Tabatabai University at 1 site in Iran.
Trial summary
The goal of this semi-experimental study is to investigate whether bilateral (limbs of both sides of the body, such as left and right hands) perceptual-motor (PM) exercises and unilateral (limb of only one side of the body, such as only the left hand) PM exercises affect manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 7 to 9 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Non-verbal Learning Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities, Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention and Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteIran
- Study dates
- 1 May 2023to 30 Jul 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 7 to 9 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Diagnosing with Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NVLD) based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V)
Who cannot join
- being left-handed
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The goal of this semi-experimental study is to investigate whether bilateral (limbs of both sides of the body, such as left and right hands) perceptual-motor (PM) exercises and unilateral (limb of only one side of the body, such as only the left hand) PM exercises affect manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD). Each type of perceptual-motor exercise (bilateral vs. unilateral) is delivered in two different ways. Within each method, free-play and non-interventional activities are scheduled at different times (e.g., at the beginning vs. the end of the intervention phase). The main questions this study aims to address are:
- Which type of perceptual-motor (PM) exercise-bilateral or unilateral-is more effective in improving manual dexterity of left and right hands and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD)?
- Which training sequence in unilateral and bilateral groups-free-play and self-oriented activities followed by interventional exercises, or interventional exercises followed by free-play activities-has a greater impact on right and left hands manual dexterity and visuospatial memory scores in children with NVLD?
- Conditions
- Non-verbal Learning Disorder
- Being tested
- Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities, Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention, Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2, Free play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercises
- Keywords
- Perceptual-Motor exercise, Bilateral, Unilateral, Manual Dexterity, Visuospatial Memory, Non-verbal Learning Disorder
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activitiesBehavioural
The first 18 sessions (3 days per week) students took the unilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used only their left hand for participating in interventional training program. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates.
Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training interventionBehavioural
The first phase is 6sessions ( one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional unilateral training program, where students have to use only their left hand for doing the assignments of protocol.
Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2Behavioural
The first 18 sessions (three sessions per week) students took the bilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used their both hands for participating in interventional training exercises. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates.
Free play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercisesBehavioural
The first phase is 6sessions (one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional bilateral training program, where students have to use their both hands for doing the assignments of protocol.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention | Other | Five participants of Unilateral main group, receive free-play and non-interventional activities during the first phase, followed by unilateral perceptual-motor exercises in the second phase of the experiment. This arm investigates the effects of Unilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. Receives: Behavioral: Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention |
| Unilateral 2 - Unilateral interventional activities followed by free play | Other | Five participants of Unilateral main group, receive unilateral interventional activities during the first phase, followed by non-interventional and free-play activities in the second phase. This arm investigates the effects of Unilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. Receives: Behavioral: Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities |
| Bilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention | Other | Five participants of Bilateral main group, receive free-play and non-interventional activities during the first phase, followed by bilateral perceptual-motor exercises in the second phase of the experiment. This arm investigates the effects of Bilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. Receives: Behavioral: Free play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercises |
| Bilateral 2 - interventional activities followed by free play | Other | Five participants of Bilateral main group, receive bilateral interventional activities during the first phase, followed by non-interventional and free-play activities in the second phase. This arm investigates the effects of Bilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. Receives: Behavioral: Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2 |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Right-hand Manual Dexterity
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess right hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on right hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the allotted test time using the right hand.
Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment in each group at 12 weeks
Left-hand Manual Dexterity
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess left hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the BBT is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on left hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the test time slot using the left hand.
Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks.
Visuospatial memory
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Chorsi Block Test (CBT) to assess visuospatial memory before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the CBT is administered again to evaluate progress in visuospatial memory. The comparison of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup allows assessment based on treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on visual spatial memory in NVLD children. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a stronger ability to remember spatial locations and sequences of blocks presented during the test.
Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Feb 2026
- Study start1 May 2023
- Primary completion30 Jul 2023
- Study completion30 Jul 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Non-verbal Learning DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Allameh Tabatabai University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07407270
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Allameh Tabataba'i University
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 6 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 17 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Bilateral and Unilateral Perceptual-Motor Exercises on Manual Dexterity and Visuospatial Memory in Children With Nonverbal Learning Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07407270
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Allameh Tabataba'i University
- Conditions
- Non-verbal Learning Disorder
- Keywords
- Perceptual-Motor exercise, Bilateral, Unilateral, Manual Dexterity, Visuospatial Memory, Non-verbal Learning Disorder
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Allameh Tabatabai UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 May 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jul 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jul 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 12 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this semi-experimental study is to investigate whether bilateral (limbs of both sides of the body, such as left and right hands) perceptual-motor (PM) exercises and unilateral (limb of only one side of the body, such as only the left hand) PM exercises affect manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD). Each type of perceptual-motor exercise (bilateral vs. unilateral) is delivered in two different ways. Within each method, free-play and non-interventional activities are scheduled at different times (e.g., at the beginning vs. the end of the intervention phase). The main questions this study aims to address are:
- Which type of perceptual-motor (PM) exercise-bilateral or unilateral-is more effective in improving manual dexterity of left and right hands and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD)?
- Which training sequence in unilateral and bilateral groups-free-play and self-oriented activities followed by interventional exercises, or interventional exercises followed by free-play activities-has a greater impact on right and left hands manual dexterity and visuospatial memory scores in children with NVLD?
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention | Other | Behavioral: Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training interventionFive participants of Unilateral main group, receive free-play and non-interventional activities during the first phase, followed by unilateral perceptual-motor exercises in the second phase of the experiment. This arm investigates the effects of Unilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. |
| Unilateral 2 - Unilateral interventional activities followed by free play | Other | Behavioral: Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activitiesFive participants of Unilateral main group, receive unilateral interventional activities during the first phase, followed by non-interventional and free-play activities in the second phase. This arm investigates the effects of Unilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. |
| Bilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention | Other | Behavioral: Free play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercisesFive participants of Bilateral main group, receive free-play and non-interventional activities during the first phase, followed by bilateral perceptual-motor exercises in the second phase of the experiment. This arm investigates the effects of Bilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. |
| Bilateral 2 - interventional activities followed by free play | Other | Behavioral: Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2Five participants of Bilateral main group, receive bilateral interventional activities during the first phase, followed by non-interventional and free-play activities in the second phase. This arm investigates the effects of Bilateral training and treatment order on manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in NVLD children. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 7 to 9 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Diagnosing with Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NVLD) based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V)
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- being left-handed
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activitiesThe first 18 sessions (3 days per week) students took the unilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used only their left hand for participating in interventional training program. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates. | Behavioural | Unilateral 2 - Unilateral interventional activities followed by free play |
| Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training interventionThe first phase is 6sessions ( one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional unilateral training program, where students have to use only their left hand for doing the assignments of protocol. | Behavioural | Unilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention |
| Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2The first 18 sessions (three sessions per week) students took the bilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used their both hands for participating in interventional training exercises. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates. | Behavioural | Bilateral 2 - interventional activities followed by free play |
| Free play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercisesThe first phase is 6sessions (one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional bilateral training program, where students have to use their both hands for doing the assignments of protocol. | Behavioural | Bilateral 1 - Free play activities followed by intervention |
Primary outcome
Right-hand Manual Dexterity
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment in each group at 12 weeks
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess right hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on right hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the allotted test time using the right hand.
Left-hand Manual Dexterity
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks.
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess left hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the BBT is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on left hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the test time slot using the left hand.
Visuospatial memory
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12weeks
Pre-test scores are obtained using the Chorsi Block Test (CBT) to assess visuospatial memory before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the CBT is administered again to evaluate progress in visuospatial memory. The comparison of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup allows assessment based on treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on visual spatial memory in NVLD children. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a stronger ability to remember spatial locations and sequences of blocks presented during the test.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Feb 2026.
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities, Free-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention and Bilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2 in people with Non-verbal Learning Disorder, run by Allameh Tabatabai University at 1 site in Iran.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Iran. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Right-hand Manual Dexterity (time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment in each group at 12 weeks). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Feb 2026.