Improving Self-regulation in Individuals With ADHD Through Adapted Karate Training

gait analysis (stride and pace) of a one minute walk: first walking only, then walking while doing a cognitive task (following digits via audio and recognizing repeated items).

A standardized assessment battery that examines executive function in children and adolescents aged 8-16 years. The BADS-C consists of six subtests (adapted and simplified from the BADS) that assess inflexibility, perseverance, novel problem solving, impulsivity, planning, and the ability to utilize feedback in order to moderate behavior. We will use the Zoo map subtest. Raw scores for each of the component subtests can be converted to age-scaled scores, which are adjusted for the child's age and estimated IQ. Age-scaled scores range from 1 to 19, with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.

The Birthday Task Assessment is a performance-based tool assessing executive functions in children aged 8-16, through a simulated daily activity. It includes three progressively complex tasks: wrapping gifts, writing a card, and making sandwiches. Performance is evaluated by sequencing, timing, and rule adherence, with higher error rates indicating greater executive difficulties.

The The Preschool Executive Task Assessment (PETA) is a performance-based measure assessing executive functioning in young children aged 3-8, through completion of a structured, multi-step task involving assembling a caterpillar picture. Performance is scored based on task completion time and a standardized hierarchy of cues ranging from independent performance to full physical assistance, with higher scores indicating greater reliance on external.

An 86-item questionnaire assessing executive function in everyday environments. The BRIEF is composed of eight clinical scales, which together produce an overall Global Executive Composite (GEC). Based on the past 30 days, items are graded on a 3-point scale: 'never' (1), 'sometimes' (2), or 'always' (3). The raw scores are converted to T-scores which are used to interpret the child's level of executive functioning as reported by parents and/or teachers on the BRIEF rating forms. These scores are linear transformations of the raw scale scores (M = 50, SD = 10).

A 34-item parent screening questionnaire designed to measure behaviors associated with abnormal responses to sensory stimuli in children aged 3.0-14.11 years. Response scale aimed at the frequency the child displays each scenario (item), and scored on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never = 10% or less) to 5 (almost always = 90% or more). Scores are compiled into a "sensory-processing" domain that directly links with sensory modulation (14 item scale); and a "sensory-behavior" domain that links to behavioral concerns reflective of sensory modulation difficulties (20 item scales). For the sensory processing scale, 32-40 indicates "more than others", 41-70 indicates "much more than others". For behavioral scale, 47-59 indicates "more than others", 60-100 indicates "much more than others".

The DERS-P is a 36-item parent report, aimed to assess parental perceptions of adolescent Emotional Dysregulation, measuring six facets of emotion regulation: Awareness (6 items), Clarity (5 items), Goals (5 items), Impulse (6 items), Nonacceptance (6 items), and Strategies (8 items). Items are rated on a scale of 1 ("almost never" 0-10%) to 5 ("almost always" 91-100%). Higher scores indicate greater ED.

A 30-item instrument which measures the difficulty level, enjoyment, and frequency of performance for children's participation in daily occupations in a variety of environments throughout the day. The parent assesses each activity in all three parameters, with answers ranging from 1 (no difficulty) to 5 (much difficulty).

A 36 item questionnaire for elementary school students, which includes statements regarding situations and experiences of a student throughout the school day. The child rates these sentences as true to his experience or not, on a scale of 1-4 (1- never true, 4- always true).

The PQ is a parent questionnaire that assesses the extent of a child's engagement in PAs and in sedentary recreational activities. The PQ-Modified, used in this study, includes two of the 12 items from the PQ: (a) the average number of weekly hours that the child engages in various PAs (structured as well as unstructured activities) and (b) the child's PA level compared to his or her peers, rated on a Likert scale (1 ¼ very inactive, 5 ¼ very active).

A semi-structured interview, comprising of 2 open-end questions aiming to understand how parents of children with ADHD perceive the contribution of the intervention process to their child. The interview will comprise questions such as What did the intervention program contribute to your child?