Blood Flow RestrictionNCT07438535
High-Load, Low-Load, and Passive Blood Flow Restriction in Competitive Sprinters
A study testing High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR), Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) and Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) in people with Blood Flow Restriction, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
This randomized clinical trial will include competitive male and female sprinters aged 16-30 years, recruited through purposive sampling. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) HL-BFR (70-85% 1RM with BFR during sets), (B) LL-BFR (20-30% 1RM with BFR), or (C) Passive BFR (BFR applied… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Blood Flow Restriction
- What is being tested?
- High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR), Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) and Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 18 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 1 Dec 2025to 1 Sep 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Age between 16-30 years
- Competitive sprinters with at least 2 years of sprint-specific training
- Healthy individuals without cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, or neurological disorders
- Willingness to participate in a 6-week training program
Who cannot join
- Pregnancy or lactation
- Cardiovascular, vascular, pulmonary, renal or metabolic disorders
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Recent significant weight loss
- Use of performance-enhancing drugs within past 2 months
- Any medical condition preventing safe participation
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Pakistan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Punjab Sports Board
Lahore, Punjab Province, 547000
Danish Hassan, PhD, 03457946009, danish.hassan009@gmail.com
Muhammad Mubarak Janjua, MSPT*
About this study
Official title: Comparative Effects of High-Load, Low-Load, and Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training on Strength and Sprint Performance in Competitive Sprinters
This randomized clinical trial will include competitive male and female sprinters aged 16-30 years, recruited through purposive sampling. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) HL-BFR (70-85% 1RM with BFR during sets), (B) LL-BFR (20-30% 1RM with BFR), or (C) Passive BFR (BFR applied between sets). The intervention will consist of a 6-week sprint-specific resistance training program performed thrice weekly, incorporating resisted sprints, barbell step-ups, hip thrusts, Nordic curls, and bounding exercises. Strength will be measured using 1RM testing, explosive power through countermovement and standing broad jumps, and sprint performance via 10m, 30m, and 100m timed sprints. Subjective exertion will be tracked using the sRPE scale.
The study aims to determine whether HL-BFR, LL-BFR, or passive BFR produces superior improvements in sprint performance and neuromuscular strength. It is hypothesized that HL-BFR may yield greater adaptations due to combined mechanical and metabolic stress, though LL-BFR and passive BFR may offer practical, low-impact alternatives.
Read the detailed description
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training characterized by applying external pressure to occlude venous return during exercise has gained prominence in both rehabilitation and athletic conditioning due to its ability to stimulate muscle hypertrophy and strength gains with lighter mechanical loads. The physiological basis includes metabolic accumulation, cellular swelling, and increased motor unit recruitment, mimicking high-intensity training effects even with low loads .
Elite sprint performance demands a finely tuned combination of explosive strength, neuromuscular power, and sprint-specific endurance across different phases of the race (acceleration, maximal velocity, deceleration). While high-load resistance training (≥ 70% 1RM) has long been the gold standard for developing muscular strength and power , blood flow restriction (BFR) training-particularly in low-load protocols (20-40% 1RM)-has emerged as a low-stress alternative capable of eliciting comparable hypertrophy and strength gains.
A growing body of literature now highlights the capacity of both high- and low-load BFR training to improve explosive performance metrics, such as vertical jump, sprint speed, and rate of force development. A systematic review found that athletes undergoing BFR training experienced small to moderate yet significant improvements in jumps (SMD ≈ 0.36), sprints (SMD ≈ 0.54), and power output (SMD ≈ 0.72), surpassing traditional resistance training outcomes.
High-load resistance training (≥ 70 % 1RM) is the established standard for enhancing neuromuscular strength and power. Recent investigations have examined adding BFR to high-load protocols (high-load BFR), aiming to amplify metabolic stress and post-activation performance enhancement. Though the evidence is mixed-a systematic review of ≥ 60 % 1RM BFR protocols concluded that only some studies showed additional strength or hypertrophy benefits compared to non-BFR controls emerging data suggest that high-load BFR may offer acute increases in lifting velocity and small improvements in jump and sprint outcomes.
Among BFR strategies, low-load BFR (LL-BFR)-typically at 20-40% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)-has the most robust evidence base. Systematic reviews demonstrate that LL-BFR training can induce similar muscle hypertrophy and near-equivalent strength improvements compared to traditional high-load training . These benefits, coupled with lower mechanical stress, have made LL-BFR a preferred method in both clinical and performance settings. Meta-analyses report that while maximum strength gains are slightly lower than high-load training, power, jump, and sprint performance show no significant differences between low-load BFR and high-load resistance training.
- Conditions
- Blood Flow Restriction
- Being tested
- High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR), Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR), Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR)
- Keywords
- Blood Flow Restriction, Competitive Sprinters, High-Load, Low-Load, Passive Blood Flow Restriction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR)Other
In the High-Load BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied during exercise sets.
Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR)Other
In the Low-Load BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied during exercise sets.
Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR)Other
In the Passive BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied only during rest intervals between sets.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR) | Experimental | Participants will perform resistance training at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) combined with blood flow restriction applied using pneumatic cuffs during exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). Receives: Other: High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR) |
| Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) | Experimental | Participants will perform resistance training at 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) combined with blood flow restriction applied using pneumatic cuffs during exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). Receives: Other: Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) |
| Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) | Experimental | Participants will perform resistance training at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) while blood flow restriction will be applied only during rest intervals between exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). Receives: Other: Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Lower Limb Muscle Strength (1RM Test)
Maximum voluntary strength of lower limb muscles will be assessed using one repetition maximum (1RM) testing protocol for resistance training exercises.
Measured: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
Secondary outcomes (5)
Vertical Jump Height
Explosive lower limb power will be assessed using vertical jump performance test measured in centimeters.
Measured: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
10-Meter Sprint Time
Sprint performance over short distance will be measured using timing gates in seconds.
Measured: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
30-Meter Sprint Time
Sprint acceleration and performance will be measured using electronic timing system in seconds.
Measured: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
100-Meter Sprint Time
Overall sprint performance will be assessed using timing system in seconds.
Measured: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
Participant-reported exertion during training sessions using Borg CR-10 Scale.
Participant-reported exertion during training sessions using Borg CR-10 Scale.
Measured: Throughout Intervention Period (Week 1-6)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Feb 2026
- Study start1 Dec 2025
- Primary completion1 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Sep 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Blood Flow RestrictionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 18 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Muhammad Mubarak Janjua, MS PT, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07438535
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Mubarak Janjua REC/25/0417
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 27 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Herrera E, Osorio-Fuentealba C. Impact of warm-up methods on strength-speed for sprinters in athletics: a mini review. Front Sports Act Living. 2024 Feb 27;6:1360414. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1360414. eCollection 2024.
PubMed 38476581Richard P, Billaut F. Time-Trial Performance in Elite Speed Skaters After Remote Ischemic Preconditioning. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018 Nov 1;13(10):1308-1316. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0111.
PubMed 29745735Chen YT, Hsieh YY, Ho JY, Lin JC. Effects of Running Exercise Combined With Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2021 Nov 1;35(11):3090-3096. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003313.
PubMed 31453935Salvador AF, Schubert KR, Cruz RS, Corvino RB, Pereira KL, Caputo F, de Oliveira MF. Bilateral muscle strength symmetry and performance are improved following walk training with restricted blood flow in an elite paralympic sprint runner: Case study. Phys Ther Sport. 2016 Jul;20:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
PubMed 27325532Zhang J, Zhou R, Zhao N, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang W, Guo W. Acute effects of blood flow restriction with whole-body vibration on sprint, muscle activation and metabolic accumulation in male sprinters. Front Physiol. 2023 Mar 16;14:1149400. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1149400. eCollection 2023.
PubMed 37035675
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparative Effects of High-Load, Low-Load, and Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training on Strength and Sprint Performance in Competitive Sprinters
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07438535
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Mubarak Janjua REC/25/0417
- Conditions
- Blood Flow Restriction
- Keywords
- Blood Flow Restriction, Competitive Sprinters, High-Load, Low-Load, Passive Blood Flow Restriction
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 18 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 27 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This randomized clinical trial will include competitive male and female sprinters aged 16-30 years, recruited through purposive sampling. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) HL-BFR (70-85% 1RM with BFR during sets), (B) LL-BFR (20-30% 1RM with BFR), or (C) Passive BFR (BFR applied between sets). The intervention will consist of a 6-week sprint-specific resistance training program performed thrice weekly, incorporating resisted sprints, barbell step-ups, hip thrusts, Nordic curls, and bounding exercises. Strength will be measured using 1RM testing, explosive power through countermovement and standing broad jumps, and sprint performance via 10m, 30m, and 100m timed sprints. Subjective exertion will be tracked using the sRPE scale.
The study aims to determine whether HL-BFR, LL-BFR, or passive BFR produces superior improvements in sprint performance and neuromuscular strength. It is hypothesized that HL-BFR may yield greater adaptations due to combined mechanical and metabolic stress, though LL-BFR and passive BFR may offer practical, low-impact alternatives.
Detailed description
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training characterized by applying external pressure to occlude venous return during exercise has gained prominence in both rehabilitation and athletic conditioning due to its ability to stimulate muscle hypertrophy and strength gains with lighter mechanical loads. The physiological basis includes metabolic accumulation, cellular swelling, and increased motor unit recruitment, mimicking high-intensity training effects even with low loads .
Elite sprint performance demands a finely tuned combination of explosive strength, neuromuscular power, and sprint-specific endurance across different phases of the race (acceleration, maximal velocity, deceleration). While high-load resistance training (≥ 70% 1RM) has long been the gold standard for developing muscular strength and power , blood flow restriction (BFR) training-particularly in low-load protocols (20-40% 1RM)-has emerged as a low-stress alternative capable of eliciting comparable hypertrophy and strength gains.
A growing body of literature now highlights the capacity of both high- and low-load BFR training to improve explosive performance metrics, such as vertical jump, sprint speed, and rate of force development. A systematic review found that athletes undergoing BFR training experienced small to moderate yet significant improvements in jumps (SMD ≈ 0.36), sprints (SMD ≈ 0.54), and power output (SMD ≈ 0.72), surpassing traditional resistance training outcomes.
High-load resistance training (≥ 70 % 1RM) is the established standard for enhancing neuromuscular strength and power. Recent investigations have examined adding BFR to high-load protocols (high-load BFR), aiming to amplify metabolic stress and post-activation performance enhancement. Though the evidence is mixed-a systematic review of ≥ 60 % 1RM BFR protocols concluded that only some studies showed additional strength or hypertrophy benefits compared to non-BFR controls emerging data suggest that high-load BFR may offer acute increases in lifting velocity and small improvements in jump and sprint outcomes.
Among BFR strategies, low-load BFR (LL-BFR)-typically at 20-40% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)-has the most robust evidence base. Systematic reviews demonstrate that LL-BFR training can induce similar muscle hypertrophy and near-equivalent strength improvements compared to traditional high-load training . These benefits, coupled with lower mechanical stress, have made LL-BFR a preferred method in both clinical and performance settings. Meta-analyses report that while maximum strength gains are slightly lower than high-load training, power, jump, and sprint performance show no significant differences between low-load BFR and high-load resistance training.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR) | Experimental | Other: High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR)Participants will perform resistance training at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) combined with blood flow restriction applied using pneumatic cuffs during exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). |
| Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) | Experimental | Other: Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR)Participants will perform resistance training at 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) combined with blood flow restriction applied using pneumatic cuffs during exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). |
| Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) | Experimental | Other: Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR)Participants will perform resistance training at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) while blood flow restriction will be applied only during rest intervals between exercise sets for a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Age between 16-30 years
- Competitive sprinters with at least 2 years of sprint-specific training
- Healthy individuals without cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, or neurological disorders
- Willingness to participate in a 6-week training program
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Pregnancy or lactation
- Cardiovascular, vascular, pulmonary, renal or metabolic disorders
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Recent significant weight loss
- Use of performance-enhancing drugs within past 2 months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR)In the High-Load BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied during exercise sets. | Other | High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR) |
| Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR)In the Low-Load BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied during exercise sets. | Other | Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) |
| Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR)In the Passive BFR group, participants will perform resistance exercises at 70-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR applied only during rest intervals between sets. | Other | Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) |
Primary outcome
Lower Limb Muscle Strength (1RM Test)
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
Maximum voluntary strength of lower limb muscles will be assessed using one repetition maximum (1RM) testing protocol for resistance training exercises.
5 secondary outcomes
Vertical Jump Height
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
10-Meter Sprint Time
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
30-Meter Sprint Time
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
100-Meter Sprint Time
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)
Participant-reported exertion during training sessions using Borg CR-10 Scale.
Time frame: Throughout Intervention Period (Week 1-6)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Feb 2026.
- Background: PubMed 38476581Herrera E, Osorio-Fuentealba C. Impact of warm-up methods on strength-speed for sprinters in athletics: a mini review. Front Sports Act Living. 2024 Feb 27;6:1360414. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1360414. eCollection 2024.
- Background: PubMed 29745735Richard P, Billaut F. Time-Trial Performance in Elite Speed Skaters After Remote Ischemic Preconditioning. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018 Nov 1;13(10):1308-1316. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0111.
- Background: PubMed 31453935Chen YT, Hsieh YY, Ho JY, Lin JC. Effects of Running Exercise Combined With Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2021 Nov 1;35(11):3090-3096. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003313.
- Background: PubMed 27325532Salvador AF, Schubert KR, Cruz RS, Corvino RB, Pereira KL, Caputo F, de Oliveira MF. Bilateral muscle strength symmetry and performance are improved following walk training with restricted blood flow in an elite paralympic sprint runner: Case study. Phys Ther Sport. 2016 Jul;20:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
- Background: PubMed 37035675Zhang J, Zhou R, Zhao N, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang W, Guo W. Acute effects of blood flow restriction with whole-body vibration on sprint, muscle activation and metabolic accumulation in male sprinters. Front Physiol. 2023 Mar 16;14:1149400. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1149400. eCollection 2023.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Muhammad Mubarak Janjua, MS PT principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing High-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (HL-BFR), Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LL-BFR) and Passive Blood Flow Restriction Training (PBFR) in people with Blood Flow Restriction, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Danish Hassan, PhD (+92 345 7946009, danish.hassan009@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Lower Limb Muscle Strength (1RM Test) (time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 6)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07438535, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Feb 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 30 Oct 2026.