Perioperative AnalgesiaNCT07449585
Pericapsular Nerve Group Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia After Total Hip Arthroplasty
A study testing PNEG block, Spinal anesthesia with opioid and Spinal anesthesia without opioid in people with Perioperative Analgesia and Hip Replacement, Total, run by Medical University of Gdansk.
Trial summary
The Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block is an effective method for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a posterolateral approach. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Perioperative Analgesia, Hip Replacement, Total, Postoperative Pain
- What is being tested?
- PNEG block, Spinal anesthesia with opioid and Spinal anesthesia without opioid
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 180 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2026to 31 Dec 2028
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Informed, written consent for study participation.
- Qualification for elective primary total hip arthroplasty via a posterolateral approach.
- Age above 18 years.
- ASA Physical Status I-III.
- Absence of contraindications to spinal anesthesia.
- Absence of contraindications to performing a Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block.
- Absence of contraindications to the administration of the pharmacological agents utilized in the study.
Who cannot join
- Absence of informed consent.
- Age below 18 years.
- Psychoactive substance abuse or dependence.
- Chronic opioid therapy.
- Contraindications to spinal anesthesia.
- Contraindications to the Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block.
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- Contraindications to the administration of study medications.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) above 30 kg/m^2.
- Pregnancy.
- History of chronic pain management.
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
About this study
Official title: Comparison of the Efficacy of the Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Total Hip Arthroplasty
The Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block is an effective method for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a posterolateral approach. The application of this technique reduces postoperative opioid requirements, thereby limiting the risk of adverse effects associated with systemic opioid administration. Effective pain control and a reduced incidence of side effects may translate into higher patient satisfaction and a decreased length of hospital stay (LOS). The PENG block serves as an effective component of multimodal analgesia and may provide an alternative to intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty via a posterolateral approach, where the primary anesthetic technique is spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Objectives
- To evaluate the efficacy of the PENG block in postoperative pain control and compare its effectiveness with intrathecal morphine administration.
- To assess the impact of the PENG block on postoperative opioid consumption in comparison to analgesia achieved via intrathecal morphine.
- To analyze the incidence of selected adverse effects associated with systemic opioid administration in patients receiving a PENG block versus those in the intrathecal morphine group.
- To evaluate patient satisfaction levels regarding postoperative pain management across the different analgesic modalities.
- To analyze the correlation between the type of analgesia employed and the duration of hospitalization.
- Being tested
- PNEG block, Spinal anesthesia with opioid, Spinal anesthesia without opioid, Sham PENG block
- Keywords
- Pericapsular Nerve Group Block, Intrathecal Morphine, Spinal Anesthesia, Total Hip Arthroplasty, Postoperative Pain, Postoperative Analgesia, Opioid Consumption, Patient-Controlled Analgesia
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Postoperative
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PNEG blockProcedure or surgery
Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block will be performed using 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine (Ropimol, Molteni, Italy), supplemented with 4 mg of dexamethasone (Dexaven, Bausch Health, Ireland).
Spinal anesthesia with opioidProcedure or surgery
Spinal anesthesia will be administered using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, supplemented with 100 mcg of morphine (Morphini Sulfas WZF 0.1% Spinal, Polpharma, Poland).
Spinal anesthesia without opioidProcedure or surgery
Spinal anesthesia will be administered using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (Marcaine Spinal 0.5% Heavy, Aspen Pharma, Ireland).
Sham PENG blockProcedure or surgery
A sham PENG block will be performed using 20 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Natrium chloratum 0,9% Fresenius, Fresenius Kabi, Poland).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| PENG Group | Experimental | Spinal anesthesia without opioid + PENG block Receives: Procedure: PNEG block; Procedure: Spinal anesthesia without opioid |
| MF Group | Active comparator | Spinal anesthesia with opioid and sham PENG Block Receives: Procedure: Spinal anesthesia with opioid; Procedure: Sham PENG block |
| Control | Sham comparator | Spinal anesthesia without opioid and sham PENG Block Receives: Procedure: Spinal anesthesia without opioid; Procedure: Sham PENG block |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Cumulative oxycodone consumption delivered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
Total amount of oxycodone delivered by the intravenous PCA pump, calculated as the sum of all delivered PCA boluses and reported in milligrams. Lower values indicate lower postoperative opioid requirement.
Measured: From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively.
Number of patient-initiated PCA demand attempts recorded by the PCA pump
Total number of patient-initiated analgesia requests (button presses) recorded by the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. This measure includes all demand attempts, regardless of whether a bolus was delivered. Reported as count.
Measured: From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively.
Pain intensity at rest measured by the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10)
Patient-reported pain intensity at rest assessed using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst imaginable pain. Higher scores indicate worse pain. Pain score is recorded at each scheduled assessment time point.
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Dynamic pain assesmnetDynamic pain intensity during passive straight leg raise measured by the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10)
Patient-reported dynamic pain intensity during passive straight leg raise of the operated limb (knee extended and hip flexed to 45°), assessed using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst imaginable pain. Higher scores indicate worse pain. Pain score is recorded at each scheduled assessment time point.
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Patient satisfaction with postoperative analgesia measured by a 5-point Likert satisfaction scale (1-5)
Patient-reported satisfaction with postoperative analgesia assessed using a 5-point Likert satisfaction scale:
- = definitely dissatisfied,
- = dissatisfied,
- = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (neutral),
- = satisfied,
- = definitely satisfied. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.
Measured: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Secondary outcomes (17)
Nausea severity
Assessment via a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where "0" indicates no nausea and "10" indicates the most severe nausea
Measured: Assessed on the day before surgery and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively
Pruritus Severity
Assessment via a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where "0" indicates no pruritus and "10" indicates the worst possible itching
Measured: Assessed on the day before surgery and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively
Postoperative length of hospital stay (days)
Duration from hospital admission to hospital discharge, reported in days.
Measured: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed at hospital discharge).
Sedation and agitation level measured by the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS, -5 to +4)
Sedation/agitation is assessed using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), ranging from -5 to +4, where:
- 5 = unarousable,
- 4 = deep sedation,
- 3 = moderate sedation,
- 2 = light sedation,
- 1 = drowsy, 0 = alert and calm,
- 1 = restless,
- 2 = agitated,
- 3 = very agitated,
- 4 = combative. Higher scores indicate greater agitation; lower scores indicate deeper sedation. For postoperative recovery, scores closer to 0 are considered more favorable, while scores further from 0 indicate a less favorable state.
Measured: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Motor blockade measured by the Bromage motor blockade scale (Grade 0-3)
Motor blockade is assessed using the Bromage motor blockade scale from Grade 0 to Grade 3, where:
Grade 0 = no motor blockade (full movement at knee and ankle joints), Grade 1 = partial block (limited/simple knee movement, full foot movement), Grade 2 = almost complete block (no knee movement, preserved foot movement), Grade 3 = complete block (no movement of lower limbs, including knees and feet).
Higher grades indicate greater motor blockade (worse motor function). Lower grades indicate less motor blockade (better motor function recovery).
Measured: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Sensory blockade
Evaluation of the spinal anesthesia level based on thermal sensation (using an antiseptic spray)
Measured: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively.
Antiemetic Consumption
Total dose of ondansetron and/or other antiemetics administered.
Measured: Within the first 24 hours following the completion of surgery
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
Estimated blood loss during surgery, reported in milliliters (mL).
Measured: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Duration of surgery (minutes)
Time from skin incision to skin closure, reported in minutes.
Measured: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Participants requiring intraoperative vasopressors
Number of participants who required at least one vasopressor dose during surgery, reported as count.
Measured: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Heart rate (beats per minute)
Heart rate measured by bedside monitoring and reported in beats per minute (bpm).
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2, %)
Peripheral oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry and reported as percent (%).
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg)
Non-invasive diastolic blood pressure measured with an automated cuff and reported in mmHg.
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg)
Mean arterial pressure reported in mmHg at each assessment time point (device-reported value or calculated from SBP and DBP, per site standard).
Measured: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Time to first mobilization (hours)
Time interval from administration of spinal anesthesia to first mobilization, defined as first upright positioning and/or ambulation, reported in hours.
Measured: From administration of spinal anesthesia until hospital discharge (time to first mobilization assessed at first mobilization, through study completion an average of 24 hours postoperatively).
Number of participants with predefined anesthesia-related complications
Number of participants with at least one predefined anesthesia-related complication, including accidental vascular puncture, local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), and respiratory failure. Reported as count.
Measured: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed daily during hospitalization and at discharge, through study completion an average 5 days postoperatively).
Number of participants with predefined hospitalization-related complications
Number of participants with at least one predefined hospitalization-related complication, including requirement for blood product transfusion, pneumonia, cardiovascular events, and surgical site infection (SSI). Reported as count.
Measured: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed daily during hospitalization and at discharge, through study completion an average 5 days postoperatively).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Mar 2026
- Study start1 Mar 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion31 Dec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2028 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Perioperative AnalgesiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Medical University of GdanskThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 180 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Medical University of Gdansk
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Radosław Owczuk, MD, PhD, Prof., Study chair, Medical Unitersity of Gdansk
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07449585
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- GRU/KAZ/1
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 5 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 4 Mar 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Mar 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of the Efficacy of the Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Total Hip Arthroplasty
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07449585
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GRU/KAZ/1
- Keywords
- Pericapsular Nerve Group Block, Intrathecal Morphine, Spinal Anesthesia, Total Hip Arthroplasty, Postoperative Pain, Postoperative Analgesia, Opioid Consumption, Patient-Controlled Analgesia
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 180 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Medical University of GdanskUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2028 (estimated)
- First posted
- 4 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block is an effective method for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a posterolateral approach. The application of this technique reduces postoperative opioid requirements, thereby limiting the risk of adverse effects associated with systemic opioid administration. Effective pain control and a reduced incidence of side effects may translate into higher patient satisfaction and a decreased length of hospital stay (LOS). The PENG block serves as an effective component of multimodal analgesia and may provide an alternative to intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty via a posterolateral approach, where the primary anesthetic technique is spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Objectives
- To evaluate the efficacy of the PENG block in postoperative pain control and compare its effectiveness with intrathecal morphine administration.
- To assess the impact of the PENG block on postoperative opioid consumption in comparison to analgesia achieved via intrathecal morphine.
- To analyze the incidence of selected adverse effects associated with systemic opioid administration in patients receiving a PENG block versus those in the intrathecal morphine group.
- To evaluate patient satisfaction levels regarding postoperative pain management across the different analgesic modalities.
- To analyze the correlation between the type of analgesia employed and the duration of hospitalization.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| PENG Group | Experimental | Procedure: PNEG block, Procedure: Spinal anesthesia without opioidSpinal anesthesia without opioid + PENG block |
| MF Group | Active comparator | Procedure: Spinal anesthesia with opioid, Procedure: Sham PENG blockSpinal anesthesia with opioid and sham PENG Block |
| Control | Sham comparator | Procedure: Spinal anesthesia without opioid, Procedure: Sham PENG blockSpinal anesthesia without opioid and sham PENG Block |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Informed, written consent for study participation.
- Qualification for elective primary total hip arthroplasty via a posterolateral approach.
- Age above 18 years.
- ASA Physical Status I-III.
- Absence of contraindications to spinal anesthesia.
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Absence of informed consent.
- Age below 18 years.
- Psychoactive substance abuse or dependence.
- Chronic opioid therapy.
- Contraindications to spinal anesthesia.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PNEG blockPericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block will be performed using 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine (Ropimol, Molteni, Italy), supplemented with 4 mg of dexamethasone (Dexaven, Bausch Health, Ireland). | Procedure or surgery | PENG Group |
| Spinal anesthesia with opioidSpinal anesthesia will be administered using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, supplemented with 100 mcg of morphine (Morphini Sulfas WZF 0.1% Spinal, Polpharma, Poland). | Procedure or surgery | MF Group |
| Spinal anesthesia without opioidSpinal anesthesia will be administered using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (Marcaine Spinal 0.5% Heavy, Aspen Pharma, Ireland). | Procedure or surgery | Control, PENG Group |
| Sham PENG blockA sham PENG block will be performed using 20 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Natrium chloratum 0,9% Fresenius, Fresenius Kabi, Poland). | Procedure or surgery | Control, MF Group |
Primary outcome
Cumulative oxycodone consumption delivered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
Time frame: From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively.
Total amount of oxycodone delivered by the intravenous PCA pump, calculated as the sum of all delivered PCA boluses and reported in milligrams. Lower values indicate lower postoperative opioid requirement.
Number of patient-initiated PCA demand attempts recorded by the PCA pump
Time frame: From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively.
Total number of patient-initiated analgesia requests (button presses) recorded by the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. This measure includes all demand attempts, regardless of whether a bolus was delivered. Reported as count.
Pain intensity at rest measured by the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Patient-reported pain intensity at rest assessed using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst imaginable pain. Higher scores indicate worse pain. Pain score is recorded at each scheduled assessment time point.
Dynamic pain assesmnetDynamic pain intensity during passive straight leg raise measured by the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Patient-reported dynamic pain intensity during passive straight leg raise of the operated limb (knee extended and hip flexed to 45°), assessed using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst imaginable pain. Higher scores indicate worse pain. Pain score is recorded at each scheduled assessment time point.
Patient satisfaction with postoperative analgesia measured by a 5-point Likert satisfaction scale (1-5)
Time frame: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Patient-reported satisfaction with postoperative analgesia assessed using a 5-point Likert satisfaction scale: 1. = definitely dissatisfied, 2. = dissatisfied, 3. = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (neutral), 4. = satisfied, 5. = definitely satisfied. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.
17 secondary outcomes
Nausea severity
Time frame: Assessed on the day before surgery and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively
Pruritus Severity
Time frame: Assessed on the day before surgery and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively
Postoperative length of hospital stay (days)
Time frame: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed at hospital discharge).
Sedation and agitation level measured by the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS, -5 to +4)
Time frame: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Motor blockade measured by the Bromage motor blockade scale (Grade 0-3)
Time frame: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Sensory blockade
Time frame: At 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively.
Antiemetic Consumption
Time frame: Within the first 24 hours following the completion of surgery
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
Time frame: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Duration of surgery (minutes)
Time frame: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Participants requiring intraoperative vasopressors
Time frame: Intraoperatively (from skin incision to skin closure).
Heart rate (beats per minute)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2, %)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg)
Time frame: Baseline (day before surgery), and at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.
Time to first mobilization (hours)
Time frame: From administration of spinal anesthesia until hospital discharge (time to first mobilization assessed at first mobilization, through study completion an average of 24 hours postoperatively).
Number of participants with predefined anesthesia-related complications
Time frame: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed daily during hospitalization and at discharge, through study completion an average 5 days postoperatively).
Number of participants with predefined hospitalization-related complications
Time frame: From hospital admission to hospital discharge (assessed daily during hospitalization and at discharge, through study completion an average 5 days postoperatively).
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Mar 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Radosław Owczuk, MD, PhD, Prof. study chair
Medical Unitersity of Gdansk
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing PNEG block, Spinal anesthesia with opioid and Spinal anesthesia without opioid in people with Perioperative Analgesia and Hip Replacement, Total, run by Medical University of Gdansk.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Mykhailo Kazantsev, MD (00 48 56 641 4039, mykhailo.kazantsev@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Cumulative oxycodone consumption delivered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) (time frame: From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively.). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Mar 2026.