HealthyNCT07451340
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) in Turkish Women
An observational study of Healthy and Cervical Cancer Screening, run by Ankara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 to 65 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy, Cervical Cancer Screening
- What is being tested?
- Validity and reliability study
- How many people
- 530 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 26 Mar 2026to 10 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 to 65 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Community-based sample of women residing in Türkiye who will be recruited through online platforms (e.g., social media and email) using convenience sampling.
Who may be able to join
- Native Turkish speakers who can read and understand Turkish
- Aged between 21 and 65 years
- Able to communicate consciously and effectively
- Previously and/or currently sexually active
- Provide informed consent and agree to complete the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
- Voluntary female participants
Who cannot join
- History of total hysterectomy without cervical preservation
- Previous diagnosis of cervical cancer
- Severe mental illness or cognitive impairment
- Inability to complete the CCSTQ
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.
Read the detailed description
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.
This is a methodological study designed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the CCSTQ in Turkish women. The study will be conducted in two phases: (1) translation and cross-cultural adaptation following international guidelines and recommendations; and (2) psychometric evaluation including factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, item discrimination, ceiling and floor effects, and known-groups validity. Women aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the CCSTQ for psychometric evaluation. The study will end when the target sample size is reached and final assessments are completed.
Statistical analyses will be conducted using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) Statistics.
- Continuous variables: mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data; median and range for non-normally distributed data
- Categorical variables: number and percentage
- Normality assessment: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and visual methods
- Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for construct validity
- Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability
- Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency
- Significance level set at probability value (p) < 0.05
- Ceiling and floor effects defined as >15% concentration at the highest or lowest possible score.
- Conditions
- Healthy, Cervical Cancer Screening
- Being tested
- Validity and reliability study
- Keywords
- Reliability, Validity, Turkish version, CCSTQ, cervical cancer screening uptake
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Validity and reliability studyOther
Participants will complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) and the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test via an online survey for psychometric evaluation purposes. No clinical intervention will be applied.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Turkish Women | Women aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) for psychometric evaluation. Receives: Other: Validity and reliability study |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a 43-item, six-dimensional self-report instrument developed to assess cognitive, psychosocial, and structural determinants influencing women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The scale covers social norms, knowledge and awareness, perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. It is rated on a five-point Likert scale and was developed based on the DOST model grounded in health behavior theory. No clinically validated cut-off score has been established for the CCSTQ. In the original study, the sample median was used to classify participants into high and low screening tendency groups. The instrument is easy to administer and can be completed in a short time.
Measured: Baseline and 2 weeks after the initial administration (Test-retest reliability )
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test is a multidimensional instrument designed to evaluate health beliefs related to cervical cancer screening. Originally developed within the framework of health belief theory and later adapted for cervical cancer and Pap smear screening, the scale consists of 35 items across five subdimensions: perceived benefits and motivation for Pap smear, perceived barriers to Pap smear, perceived seriousness of cervical cancer, perceived susceptibility, and health motivation. The scale uses a five-point Likert response format, and each subscale is scored independently. Higher scores indicate stronger perceptions or motivation within the respective domain, whereas higher perceived barriers are inversely associated with screening behavior. Turkish version, validity and reliability study is available. The scale will be used in this study to assess the convergent validity of the CCSTQ.
Measured: At baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Mar 2026
- Study start26 Mar 2026
- Primary completion27 May 2026
- Study completion10 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Ankara UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 530 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ankara University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Büşra Nur EROL, Ankara University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07451340
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- E-79176220-050.04-2198580
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 16 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Kyriazos, T.A., Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 2018. 9(08): p. 2207.
Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Acikel CH. Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test: psychometric testing. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Feb;67(2):428-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05450.x. Epub 2010 Oct 15.
PubMed 20946564Dsouza JP, Broucke SVD. DOST: A consolidated health behavior model that maps factors influencing cancer screening uptake. Arch Public Health. 2025 Mar 17;83(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s13690-025-01517-3.
PubMed 40098055Champion, V.L. and C.S. Skinner, The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 2008. 4: p. 45-65.
Cheng N, Li X, Jin Z, Liu Y, Wang A. Cervical cancer screening uptake questionnaire (CCSTQ) for women: instrument development and validation. BMC Womens Health. 2025 Nov 26;25(1):577. doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-04065-8.
PubMed 41299382World Health Organization, Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. 2020: World Health Organization.
Arbyn M, Weiderpass E, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Saraiya M, Ferlay J, Bray F. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Feb;8(2):e191-e203. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6. Epub 2019 Dec 4.
PubMed 31812369
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) in Turkish Women
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07451340
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- E-79176220-050.04-2198580
- Conditions
- Healthy, Cervical Cancer Screening
- Keywords
- Reliability, Validity, Turkish version, CCSTQ, cervical cancer screening uptake
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 530 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ankara UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 26 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 27 May 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.
Detailed description
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.
This is a methodological study designed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the CCSTQ in Turkish women. The study will be conducted in two phases: (1) translation and cross-cultural adaptation following international guidelines and recommendations; and (2) psychometric evaluation including factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, item discrimination, ceiling and floor effects, and known-groups validity. Women aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the CCSTQ for psychometric evaluation. The study will end when the target sample size is reached and final assessments are completed.
Statistical analyses will be conducted using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) Statistics.
- Continuous variables: mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data; median and range for non-normally distributed data
- Categorical variables: number and percentage
- Normality assessment: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and visual methods
- Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for construct validity
- Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability
- Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency
- Significance level set at probability value (p) < 0.05
- Ceiling and floor effects defined as >15% concentration at the highest or lowest possible score.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Turkish Women | – | Other: Validity and reliability studyWomen aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) for psychometric evaluation. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 to 65 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Community-based sample of women residing in Türkiye who will be recruited through online platforms (e.g., social media and email) using convenience sampling.
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Native Turkish speakers who can read and understand Turkish
- Aged between 21 and 65 years
- Able to communicate consciously and effectively
- Previously and/or currently sexually active
- Provide informed consent and agree to complete the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- History of total hysterectomy without cervical preservation
- Previous diagnosis of cervical cancer
- Severe mental illness or cognitive impairment
- Inability to complete the CCSTQ
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Validity and reliability studyParticipants will complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) and the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test via an online survey for psychometric evaluation purposes. No clinical intervention will be applied. | Other | Adult Turkish Women |
Primary outcome
Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks after the initial administration (Test-retest reliability )
The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a 43-item, six-dimensional self-report instrument developed to assess cognitive, psychosocial, and structural determinants influencing women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The scale covers social norms, knowledge and awareness, perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. It is rated on a five-point Likert scale and was developed based on the DOST model grounded in health behavior theory. No clinically validated cut-off score has been established for the CCSTQ. In the original study, the sample median was used to classify participants into high and low screening tendency groups. The instrument is easy to administer and can be completed in a short time.
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test
Time frame: At baseline
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test is a multidimensional instrument designed to evaluate health beliefs related to cervical cancer screening. Originally developed within the framework of health belief theory and later adapted for cervical cancer and Pap smear screening, the scale consists of 35 items across five subdimensions: perceived benefits and motivation for Pap smear, perceived barriers to Pap smear, perceived seriousness of cervical cancer, perceived susceptibility, and health motivation. The scale uses a five-point Likert response format, and each subscale is scored independently. Higher scores indicate stronger perceptions or motivation within the respective domain, whereas higher perceived barriers are inversely associated with screening behavior. Turkish version, validity and reliability study is available. The scale will be used in this study to assess the convergent validity of the CCSTQ.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Jun 2026.
- BackgroundKyriazos, T.A., Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 2018. 9(08): p. 2207.
- Background: PubMed 20946564Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Acikel CH. Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test: psychometric testing. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Feb;67(2):428-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05450.x. Epub 2010 Oct 15.
- Background: PubMed 40098055Dsouza JP, Broucke SVD. DOST: A consolidated health behavior model that maps factors influencing cancer screening uptake. Arch Public Health. 2025 Mar 17;83(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s13690-025-01517-3.
- BackgroundChampion, V.L. and C.S. Skinner, The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 2008. 4: p. 45-65.
- Background: PubMed 41299382Cheng N, Li X, Jin Z, Liu Y, Wang A. Cervical cancer screening uptake questionnaire (CCSTQ) for women: instrument development and validation. BMC Womens Health. 2025 Nov 26;25(1):577. doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-04065-8.
- BackgroundWorld Health Organization, Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. 2020: World Health Organization.
- Background: PubMed 31812369Arbyn M, Weiderpass E, Bruni L, de Sanjose S, Saraiya M, Ferlay J, Bray F. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Feb;8(2):e191-e203. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6. Epub 2019 Dec 4.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Healthy and Cervical Cancer Screening, run by Ankara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) (time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks after the initial administration (Test-retest reliability )). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07451340, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Jun 2026.