Passive SmokingNCT07473245
Educational Models for Tobacco Exposure Awareness
A study testing Peer Education and traditional education in people with Passive Smoking and Tobacco Smoke Pollution, run by Karabuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This is a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of peer education and traditional education on increasing knowledge and awareness of secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure among geriatric care program students. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Passive Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Health Education
- What is being tested?
- Peer Education and traditional education
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 107 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 4 May 2026to 5 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Be enrolled in the first or second year of the Elderly Care Program at Karabük University School of Health Services,
- Agree to participate in the study voluntarily,
- Be able to participate in the training process and follow-up measurements (T0, T1, and T2),
- Be able to respond to Google Forms applications via a device with internet access (phone, tablet, computer)
Who cannot join
- Receiving any training on tobacco use, secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure within 6 months,
- Participants who incomplete survey forms or leave at least one scale blank,
- Students who do not participate in training programs and for whom follow-up measurements cannot be taken,
- Those who cannot complete all stages of the study due to health reasons or absenteeism.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Karabuk University School of Health Services Vocational College Elderly Care Program
Karabük, Safranbolu
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Peer Education and Traditional Education on University Students' Awareness Levels Regarding Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Tria
This is a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of peer education and traditional education on increasing knowledge and awareness of secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure among geriatric care program students. Tobacco use and passive smoking are serious public health problems that cause millions of deaths each year and are highly prevalent among university students. Not only smoke dispersed in the air (secondhand smoke), but also toxic residues that accumulate on surfaces and can be absorbed through the skin and ingestion (thirdhand smoke) carry carcinogenic risks. It is a professional obligation for these students, who are the health professionals of the future, to protect the vulnerable elderly population they will serve from this exposure (especially residues carried on clothing/hair). It is also aimed to protect their own health against the risk of smoking triggered by occupational stress. Traditional education that only imparts information may be insufficient in changing behavior. Peer education based on Social Learning Theory offers a sincere and effective alternative that encounters less resistance among young people. While existing experimental studies in the literature generally focus on "active smoking and motivation to quit," this study fills an important gap by focusing on passive and third-hand exposure. If successful, this peer education model could be implemented as a standardized educational module at the national level in university campuses.
Research hypotheses:
Read more
H1: Students who receive peer education have higher levels of knowledge about secondhand smoke than students who receive traditional education.
H2: Students who receive peer education have higher levels of awareness about thirdhand smoke than students who receive traditional education.
H3: There is a difference between the pre- and post-intervention and between the experimental and control groups in terms of students' average scores for their awareness level of secondhand smoke.
H4: There is a difference between the pre- and post-intervention and between the experimental and control groups in terms of students' average scores for their knowledge level of thirdhand smoke.
Read the detailed description
The research will be conducted at the Karabük University Health Services Vocational School Elderly Care Program between March 1, 2026, and March 1, 2027.
The research population consists of first- and second-year students enrolled in the Karabük University Health Services Vocational School Elderly Care Program. Although there are a total of 144 students registered in the department records, the number of students actively attending classes has been determined to be 124. Of these students, 68 are first-year students and 56 are second-year students. No sample selection was made in the research; the aim was to reach the entire population actively receiving education.
Prior to the intervention, students who would serve as "Peer Educators" were selected based on volunteerism and academic achievement criteria. A total of 8 students, 4 from the 1st grade and 4 from the 2nd grade, were included in the "Educator" group and were not included in the sample group of the study.
After the peer educators were separated, the number of active students remaining in the universe where the study was conducted was 116.
The sample size for the study was calculated using the G*Power (v3.1.9.7) statistical software package. In the study, since the tobacco exposure awareness levels of the experimental and control groups were to be compared at three different time points (pre-test, post-test, and 21st day T3 follow-up measurement), the power analysis was performed based on the Repeated Measures ANOVA (Within-Between Interaction) design. The "medium effect size" (f = 0.25), which is the standard accepted in studies measuring the effect of educational interventions, was used as a reference. When the Type I error rate (α = 0.05), test power (1-β = 0.80), number of groups (2), and number of repeated measures (3) were included in the model, the minimum total sample size required to statistically detect an interaction between groups was calculated to be 28. Considering the 10% potential data loss (absenteeism, discontinuation of the test, etc.) that may occur due to the time-series structure of the study, the minimum safe sample size to be achieved was updated to 32. It was observed that the current active population size (N=116) more than meets this minimum value; therefore, it was decided not to proceed with sample selection and to include the entire active population in the study.
Randomization and Group Formation: After peer educators (n=8) were separated, the remaining 116 active students (1st grade: 64, 2nd grade: 52) were stratified according to their grade levels and then assigned to two groups using a "Computer-Assisted Simple Random Number Table." Thus, the experimental and control groups were numerically equalized (n=58), and the effect of grade level differences was controlled (through stratification).
- Experimental Group (Peer Education): 58 Students (32 from 1st Grade, 26 from 2nd Grade)
- Control Group (Traditional Education): 58 Students (32 from 1st Grade, 26 from 2nd Grade)
Prevention of Interaction: The most significant factor threatening the internal validity of the study is the sharing of educational content among students in the same school environment. To minimize this risk, participants will be informed about "Research Confidentiality and Individual Impact" regarding not sharing the information learned during the training with their peers in the other group until the final test is completed.
The question "Did you discuss the educational content with anyone from the other group during this process?" will be added to the final test data collection form, and the data of participants found to have interacted will be flagged for exclusion from the analysis.
To prevent the artificial increase in performance resulting from observation awareness (Hawthorne Effect), the control group will also receive training at the same time to equalize the 'level of interest' between groups, and the main hypothesis of the study will not be disclosed to participants to control for expectation bias.
Pilot Study: A pilot study will be conducted prior to the main study to test the comprehensibility of data collection tools and evaluate the feasibility of educational materials (duration, flow, technical issues).
In order to maintain the sample size of the main study, the pilot study will be conducted with 12 students enrolled in the Audiometry Program at Karabük University School of Health Services Vocational School, who are not included in the population but have similar sociodemographic characteristics. During the pilot application process: it will be examined whether the survey questions and scale items are found to be clear and understandable by the students, the average completion time of the surveys will be determined, and any potential technical or pedagogical issues that may arise during the presentation of peer education and classical education materials will be observed. The data obtained from the pilot study will not be included in the analysis of the main study.
Pre-Test (T0)
A pre-test (T0) consisting of an 'Individual Information Form, Passive Exposure Information Test, and Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Scale' will be administered to both groups at the beginning of the study. Pre-test data will be collected immediately before the educational intervention begins.
Final Test Immediately after completing the training program in both groups (T1) and on Day 21 (T2), participants were administered a final test consisting of a 'Knowledge Test on Passive Exposure and Awareness Scale on Third-Hand Smoke' to compare the effectiveness of the methods.
The data obtained from the study will be analyzed using statistical software ( IBM SPSS Statistics). The normality of the data distribution will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and the homogeneity of variances will be evaluated using the Levene test. Descriptive statistics will be presented as counts, percentages, means, and standard deviations.
To test the homogeneity of the groups' initial characteristics (pre-test scores and demographic data), the Chi-square test (Fisher's Exact Test when expected cell frequencies are less than 5) will be used for categorical data, and the Independent Samples t-test will be used for continuous variables.
A Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA will be used to compare the change in the effectiveness of the educational methods (Peer Education and Traditional Education) over time (Pre-test [T0], Post-test [T1], and Follow-up [T3]) and the interaction between the groups (Experimental and Control). Prior to this analysis, the sphericity assumption will be checked using the Mauchly Test, and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied if the assumption is not met. If the interaction is found to be significant, Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests will be performed to determine the time point from which the difference originates.
If the data do not meet the assumption of normal distribution, the Friedman Test will be used for within-group repeated measures; the Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test will be used for pairwise comparisons when the difference is significant; and the Mann-Whitney U test will be used for between-group comparisons. The statistical significance level will be set at p < 0.05.
Safety Measures to Be Taken During Implementation:
This research is non-interventional and education-based. There is no risk of physical, mental, or social harm to participants. Ethical principles will be adhered to throughout the research process in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent will be obtained from participants prior to the research, and it will be clearly stated that participation is entirely voluntary. Participants will have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without giving any reason. The data obtained will be used solely for scientific purposes, personal identity information will be kept confidential, and will not be shared with third parties. Data will be stored in an encrypted environment and will only be accessible to researchers. As the research is an education-based awareness initiative, no negative effects on participants are anticipated.
- Being tested
- Peer Education, traditional education
- Keywords
- Peer Education, Health Education, Passive Smoking, Third Hand Smoke
- Medical subject headings
- Health Education
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Peer EducationBehavioural
A structured peer education model is planned to be implemented for the intervention group. The process will be carried out in five main stages: selection of peer educators, training, formation of groups, implementation of the intervention, and supervision (monitoring).
traditional educationBehavioural
The application will be conducted by the researcher and is based on standard teaching methods representing the traditional education model. In this context, tobacco exposure awareness training for students will be conducted in a traditional classroom setting using PowerPoint presentations, straightforward explanations, and question-and-answer techniques.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Active comparator | The intervention group will undergo peer education training
1. Selection: Based on academic achievement (≥2.50), leadership qualities, and volunteer experience, a total of 8 peer educators will be selected, 4 from each of the 1st and 2nd grades.
2. Training: Candidates will receive a 2-week (4 sessions) training on tobacco awareness and group dynamics, guided by the expert-approved "Peer Educator Guide"; those scoring ≥80 on the final exam will be assigned to the field.
3. Implementation: Seven to eight students will be assigned to eight different groups led by peer educators through simple random sampling. Face-to-face theoretical sessions will be held during the first seven days of the 15-day program; environmental risk mapping on campus and clinical field observation at hospitals where internships are conducted will take place between the 8th and 15th days.
4. Monitoring: Weekly follow-up meetings will be held under the researcher's leadership to maintain the training standard. Receives: Behavioral: Peer Education |
| Control Group | Active comparator | The basic structure of the traditional training program to be applied to the intervention group is summarized as follows:
Implementer and Method: The training will be conducted by the researcher himself. In a classic classroom environment; PowerPoint presentations, straightforward narration, and question-and-answer techniques will be used.
Content and Duration: The training, whose content validity is ensured by the Davis Technique, is planned to take place face-to-face outside of class hours so as not to interfere with students' classes. It will be conducted in two separate 40-minute sessions once a week over a total period of 15 days.
Timing and Monitoring: To prevent time-related deviations, peer education will be conducted simultaneously with one-on-one sessions. In both groups, the process will begin immediately after the briefing and pre-test (T0) data collection and will end simultaneously on the day the training ends. Receives: Behavioral: traditional education |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in passive exposure knowledge level measured 21 days after the start
Passive Exposure Information Test
Developed by Hançer Tok and colleagues (2023) to determine individuals' knowledge levels regarding secondhand tobacco smoke. The scale consists of 13 items and has four subscales: Awareness (1-5), Cancer (6-7), Passive Effects (8-11), and Drinkable-Undrinkable Areas (12-13). Items are answered as "True / False / Don't know"; correct answers are scored as 1 point, while incorrect and "don't know" answers are scored as 0 points. The total score obtainable from the scale ranges from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating a higher level of knowledge. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is reported as 0.749.
Measured: start time (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 21 days after the intervention (T2).
Change in Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Measured 21 Days After Baseline
Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Scale
It was developed to measure individual beliefs and awareness regarding third-hand tobacco smoke. The original form of the scale was developed by Haardörfer and colleagues (2017), and the Turkish adaptation and validity-reliability study was conducted by Önal and colleagues (2021). The scale consists of 9 items and has two subscales: Health Effects (5 items) and Environmental Persistence (4 items). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Strongly disagree, 5=Strongly agree) and there are no reverse items. The total score that can be obtained from the scale ranges from 9 to 45, with high scores indicating a high level of awareness regarding thirdhand tobacco smoke. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was reported as 0.712.
Measured: start time (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 21 days after the intervention (T2).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Mar 2026
- Study start4 May 2026
- Primary completion5 Jun 2026
- Study completion5 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Passive SmokingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study was designed as a randomized controlled, two-arm, pre-test-post-test experimental research to compare the effectiveness of peer education and traditional education methods in increasing university students' awareness levels regarding secondary and tertiary smoke exposure, two main dimensions of tobacco smoke exposure.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 107 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Karabuk University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Simge Erdal, Karabuk University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07473245
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- KarabukU-SHMYO-SE-1
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 26 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 8 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 8 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Peer Education and Traditional Education on University Students' Awareness Levels Regarding Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Tria
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07473245
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- KarabukU-SHMYO-SE-1
- Keywords
- Peer Education, Health Education, Passive Smoking, Third Hand Smoke
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 107 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Karabuk UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 4 May 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 5 Jun 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This is a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of peer education and traditional education on increasing knowledge and awareness of secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure among geriatric care program students. Tobacco use and passive smoking are serious public health problems that cause millions of deaths each year and are highly prevalent among university students. Not only smoke dispersed in the air (secondhand smoke), but also toxic residues that accumulate on surfaces and can be absorbed through the skin and ingestion (thirdhand smoke) carry carcinogenic risks. It is a professional obligation for these students, who are the health professionals of the future, to protect the vulnerable elderly population they will serve from this exposure (especially residues carried on clothing/hair). It is also aimed to protect their own health against the risk of smoking triggered by occupational stress. Traditional education that only imparts information may be insufficient in changing behavior. Peer education based on Social Learning Theory offers a sincere and effective alternative that encounters less resistance among young people. While existing experimental studies in the literature generally focus on "active smoking and motivation to quit," this study fills an important gap by focusing on passive and third-hand exposure. If successful, this peer education model could be implemented as a standardized educational module at the national level in university campuses.
Research hypotheses:
H1: Students who receive peer education have higher levels of knowledge about secondhand smoke than students who receive traditional education.
H2: Students who receive peer education have higher levels of awareness about thirdhand smoke than students who receive traditional education.
H3: There is a difference between the pre- and post-intervention and between the experimental and control groups in terms of students' average scores for their awareness level of secondhand smoke.
H4: There is a difference between the pre- and post-intervention and between the experimental and control groups in terms of students' average scores for their knowledge level of thirdhand smoke.
Detailed description
The research will be conducted at the Karabük University Health Services Vocational School Elderly Care Program between March 1, 2026, and March 1, 2027.
The research population consists of first- and second-year students enrolled in the Karabük University Health Services Vocational School Elderly Care Program. Although there are a total of 144 students registered in the department records, the number of students actively attending classes has been determined to be 124. Of these students, 68 are first-year students and 56 are second-year students. No sample selection was made in the research; the aim was to reach the entire population actively receiving education.
Prior to the intervention, students who would serve as "Peer Educators" were selected based on volunteerism and academic achievement criteria. A total of 8 students, 4 from the 1st grade and 4 from the 2nd grade, were included in the "Educator" group and were not included in the sample group of the study.
After the peer educators were separated, the number of active students remaining in the universe where the study was conducted was 116.
The sample size for the study was calculated using the G*Power (v3.1.9.7) statistical software package. In the study, since the tobacco exposure awareness levels of the experimental and control groups were to be compared at three different time points (pre-test, post-test, and 21st day T3 follow-up measurement), the power analysis was performed based on the Repeated Measures ANOVA (Within-Between Interaction) design. The "medium effect size" (f = 0.25), which is the standard accepted in studies measuring the effect of educational interventions, was used as a reference. When the Type I error rate (α = 0.05), test power (1-β = 0.80), number of groups (2), and number of repeated measures (3) were included in the model, the minimum total sample size required to statistically detect an interaction between groups was calculated to be 28. Considering the 10% potential data loss (absenteeism, discontinuation of the test, etc.) that may occur due to the time-series structure of the study, the minimum safe sample size to be achieved was updated to 32. It was observed that the current active population size (N=116) more than meets this minimum value; therefore, it was decided not to proceed with sample selection and to include the entire active population in the study.
Randomization and Group Formation: After peer educators (n=8) were separated, the remaining 116 active students (1st grade: 64, 2nd grade: 52) were stratified according to their grade levels and then assigned to two groups using a "Computer-Assisted Simple Random Number Table." Thus, the experimental and control groups were numerically equalized (n=58), and the effect of grade level differences was controlled (through stratification).
- Experimental Group (Peer Education): 58 Students (32 from 1st Grade, 26 from 2nd Grade)
- Control Group (Traditional Education): 58 Students (32 from 1st Grade, 26 from 2nd Grade)
Prevention of Interaction: The most significant factor threatening the internal validity of the study is the sharing of educational content among students in the same school environment. To minimize this risk, participants will be informed about "Research Confidentiality and Individual Impact" regarding not sharing the information learned during the training with their peers in the other group until the final test is completed.
The question "Did you discuss the educational content with anyone from the other group during this process?" will be added to the final test data collection form, and the data of participants found to have interacted will be flagged for exclusion from the analysis.
To prevent the artificial increase in performance resulting from observation awareness (Hawthorne Effect), the control group will also receive training at the same time to equalize the 'level of interest' between groups, and the main hypothesis of the study will not be disclosed to participants to control for expectation bias.
Pilot Study: A pilot study will be conducted prior to the main study to test the comprehensibility of data collection tools and evaluate the feasibility of educational materials (duration, flow, technical issues).
In order to maintain the sample size of the main study, the pilot study will be conducted with 12 students enrolled in the Audiometry Program at Karabük University School of Health Services Vocational School, who are not included in the population but have similar sociodemographic characteristics. During the pilot application process: it will be examined whether the survey questions and scale items are found to be clear and understandable by the students, the average completion time of the surveys will be determined, and any potential technical or pedagogical issues that may arise during the presentation of peer education and classical education materials will be observed. The data obtained from the pilot study will not be included in the analysis of the main study.
Pre-Test (T0)
A pre-test (T0) consisting of an 'Individual Information Form, Passive Exposure Information Test, and Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Scale' will be administered to both groups at the beginning of the study. Pre-test data will be collected immediately before the educational intervention begins.
Final Test Immediately after completing the training program in both groups (T1) and on Day 21 (T2), participants were administered a final test consisting of a 'Knowledge Test on Passive Exposure and Awareness Scale on Third-Hand Smoke' to compare the effectiveness of the methods.
The data obtained from the study will be analyzed using statistical software ( IBM SPSS Statistics). The normality of the data distribution will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and the homogeneity of variances will be evaluated using the Levene test. Descriptive statistics will be presented as counts, percentages, means, and standard deviations.
To test the homogeneity of the groups' initial characteristics (pre-test scores and demographic data), the Chi-square test (Fisher's Exact Test when expected cell frequencies are less than 5) will be used for categorical data, and the Independent Samples t-test will be used for continuous variables.
A Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA will be used to compare the change in the effectiveness of the educational methods (Peer Education and Traditional Education) over time (Pre-test [T0], Post-test [T1], and Follow-up [T3]) and the interaction between the groups (Experimental and Control). Prior to this analysis, the sphericity assumption will be checked using the Mauchly Test, and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied if the assumption is not met. If the interaction is found to be significant, Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests will be performed to determine the time point from which the difference originates.
If the data do not meet the assumption of normal distribution, the Friedman Test will be used for within-group repeated measures; the Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test will be used for pairwise comparisons when the difference is significant; and the Mann-Whitney U test will be used for between-group comparisons. The statistical significance level will be set at p < 0.05.
Safety Measures to Be Taken During Implementation:
This research is non-interventional and education-based. There is no risk of physical, mental, or social harm to participants. Ethical principles will be adhered to throughout the research process in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent will be obtained from participants prior to the research, and it will be clearly stated that participation is entirely voluntary. Participants will have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without giving any reason. The data obtained will be used solely for scientific purposes, personal identity information will be kept confidential, and will not be shared with third parties. Data will be stored in an encrypted environment and will only be accessible to researchers. As the research is an education-based awareness initiative, no negative effects on participants are anticipated.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study was designed as a randomized controlled, two-arm, pre-test-post-test experimental research to compare the effectiveness of peer education and traditional education methods in increasing university students' awareness levels regarding secondary and tertiary smoke exposure, two main dimensions of tobacco smoke exposure.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Peer EducationThe intervention group will undergo peer education training 1. Selection: Based on academic achievement (≥2.50), leadership qualities, and volunteer experience, a total of 8 peer educators will be selected, 4 from each of the 1st and 2nd grades. 2. Training: Candidates will receive a 2-week (4 sessions) training on tobacco awareness and group dynamics, guided by the expert-approved "Peer Educator Guide"; those scoring ≥80 on the final exam will be assigned to the field. 3. Implementation: Seven to eight students will be assigned to eight different groups led by peer educators through simple random sampling. Face-to-face theoretical sessions will be held during the first seven days of the 15-day program; environmental risk mapping on campus and clinical field observation at hospitals where internships are conducted will take place between the 8th and 15th days. 4. Monitoring: Weekly follow-up meetings will be held under the researcher's leadership to maintain the training standard. |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: traditional educationThe basic structure of the traditional training program to be applied to the intervention group is summarized as follows: Implementer and Method: The training will be conducted by the researcher himself. In a classic classroom environment; PowerPoint presentations, straightforward narration, and question-and-answer techniques will be used. Content and Duration: The training, whose content validity is ensured by the Davis Technique, is planned to take place face-to-face outside of class hours so as not to interfere with students' classes. It will be conducted in two separate 40-minute sessions once a week over a total period of 15 days. Timing and Monitoring: To prevent time-related deviations, peer education will be conducted simultaneously with one-on-one sessions. In both groups, the process will begin immediately after the briefing and pre-test (T0) data collection and will end simultaneously on the day the training ends. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Be enrolled in the first or second year of the Elderly Care Program at Karabük University School of Health Services,
- Agree to participate in the study voluntarily,
- Be able to participate in the training process and follow-up measurements (T0, T1, and T2),
- Be able to respond to Google Forms applications via a device with internet access (phone, tablet, computer)
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Receiving any training on tobacco use, secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure within 6 months,
- Participants who incomplete survey forms or leave at least one scale blank,
- Students who do not participate in training programs and for whom follow-up measurements cannot be taken,
- Those who cannot complete all stages of the study due to health reasons or absenteeism.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Peer EducationA structured peer education model is planned to be implemented for the intervention group. The process will be carried out in five main stages: selection of peer educators, training, formation of groups, implementation of the intervention, and supervision (monitoring). | Behavioural | Experimental Group |
| traditional educationThe application will be conducted by the researcher and is based on standard teaching methods representing the traditional education model. In this context, tobacco exposure awareness training for students will be conducted in a traditional classroom setting using PowerPoint presentations, straightforward explanations, and question-and-answer techniques. | Behavioural | Control Group |
Primary outcome
Change in passive exposure knowledge level measured 21 days after the start
Time frame: start time (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 21 days after the intervention (T2).
Passive Exposure Information Test Developed by Hançer Tok and colleagues (2023) to determine individuals' knowledge levels regarding secondhand tobacco smoke. The scale consists of 13 items and has four subscales: Awareness (1-5), Cancer (6-7), Passive Effects (8-11), and Drinkable-Undrinkable Areas (12-13). Items are answered as "True / False / Don't know"; correct answers are scored as 1 point, while incorrect and "don't know" answers are scored as 0 points. The total score obtainable from the scale ranges from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating a higher level of knowledge. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is reported as 0.749.
Change in Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Measured 21 Days After Baseline
Time frame: start time (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 21 days after the intervention (T2).
Third-Hand Smoke Awareness Scale It was developed to measure individual beliefs and awareness regarding third-hand tobacco smoke. The original form of the scale was developed by Haardörfer and colleagues (2017), and the Turkish adaptation and validity-reliability study was conducted by Önal and colleagues (2021). The scale consists of 9 items and has two subscales: Health Effects (5 items) and Environmental Persistence (4 items). Items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Strongly disagree, 5=Strongly agree) and there are no reverse items. The total score that can be obtained from the scale ranges from 9 to 45, with high scores indicating a high level of awareness regarding thirdhand tobacco smoke. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was reported as 0.712.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 8 Jun 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Smoking Cessation Intervention Including Health Navigators to Address Unmet Social Needs of Parents Who Smoke
Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Dependence
RecruitingPhase 4
Modifying Progesterone and Estradiol Levels to Prevent Postpartum Cigarette Smoking Relapse and Reduce Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Infants and Children
Smoking, Smoking Cessation
Active, not recruitingPhase 4
Secondhand Smoke Respiratory Health Study
Secondhand Smoke, Air Trapping
Recruiting
Early Life Intervention in Pediatrics Supported by E-health - SMOKE
Smoking Reduction, Asthma in Children
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Peer Education and traditional education in people with Passive Smoking and Tobacco Smoke Pollution, run by Karabuk University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in passive exposure knowledge level measured 21 days after the start (time frame: start time (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 21 days after the intervention (T2).). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Jun 2026.