Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDRCTNCT07492810
The Effect of Peer Video Modeling and 3D Jaw Video Modeling Training on Oral Health and Toothbrushing Skills in Children With Autism
A study testing Peer video modeling and 3D jaw video modeling in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD and Dental Health, run by Ministry of Health, Turkey at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study was conducted to improve the oral hygiene habits of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to compare the effects of peer video modeling and three-dimensional (3D) jaw model simulation methods. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 to 12 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, Dental Health, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health
- What is being tested?
- Peer video modeling and 3D jaw video modeling
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 120 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 20 Sep 2021to 23 Jun 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 to 12 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- The child responds to their name when called.
- The child maintains eye contact for at least 2-5 minutes.
- The child follows simple instructions (e.g., come, sit, open-close mouth).
- The child can use at. least one reward (food, toy, or verbal).
- No sensory hypersensitivity.
- No antibiotic use in the last month.
Show all 12Show fewer
- No additional plaque control application in the last 5 months.
- At least 20 teeth present.
- Not undergoing orthodontic treatment.
- No systemic diseases affecting oral health (e.g., Down syndrome, diabetes).
- Average intelligence level comparable to peers.
- Able to brush teeth independently.
Who cannot join
- Inability to sit in a specific place for 10 minutes.
- Refusal of physical contact (mouth, face, body).
- Severe autism (Grade 3).
- Mental retardation.
- Lack of parental consent.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Umraniye Community Mental Health Center
Istanbul, Ümraniye, 34760
About this study
This study was conducted to improve the oral hygiene habits of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to compare the effects of peer video modeling and three-dimensional (3D) jaw model simulation methods. The research was carried out at Istanbul Hamit Ibrahimiye Special Education Practice School with a randomized controlled experimental design, involving 120 children aged 6-12 years. The participants were divided into three groups: peer video modeling, 3D jaw model simulation, and control. Data collection tools included a sociodemographic information form, oral and dental health knowledge form, plaque index, gingival index and tooth brushing evaluation forms. The study was evaluated based on assessments conducted at baseline, 1st month, 3rd month, and 6th month.
The findings of the study revealed that the peer video modeling method significantly reduced the plaque index (p < 0.05) and led to a notable improvement in tooth brushing skills. The improvement observed in the 3D jaw model simulation group was more limited. In terms of long-term effects, peer video modeling was found to have a lasting impact on children's oral hygiene habits (p < 0.01). These results indicate that peer video modeling is particularly more effective in promoting tooth brushing habits among children with ASD.
In conclusion, peer video modeling appears to be a more effective method for oral and dental health education in children with ASD. Future studies should examine its long-term effects in more detail across different age groups. In addition, developing guideline materials for parents and educators may be beneficial.
- Conditions
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, Dental Health, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health, Pediatric Nursing
- Being tested
- Peer video modeling, 3D jaw video modeling
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), video modeling, peer video modeling, oral health, tooth brushing
- Medical subject headings
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Peer video modelingOther
After obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist, under the researcher's supervision, using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a healthy 12-year-old boy demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices.
3D jaw video modelingOther
After obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a 3D jaw model demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Peer video modeling | Experimental | After obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist, under the researcher's supervision, using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a healthy 12-year-old boy demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. Receives: Other: Peer video modeling |
| 3D video modeling | Experimental | After obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a 3D jaw model demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. Receives: Other: 3D jaw video modeling |
| Control group | No intervention | After obtaining written parental consent and demographic information, the study protocol is initiated. Oral examinations are conducted at the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. During the examination, the number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are systematically recorded. Children in the control group receive no intervention during the study period. Oral health assessments, including plaque index, gingival health, and toothbrushing performance, are conducted at predetermined time points (baseline, 1st, 3rd, and 6th months). At the end of the six-month study, children and their parents who have not received prior training are provided with toothbrushing education. The researcher demonstrates proper brushing techniques using a 3D jaw model in the school conference hall, and a peer video modeling material is sent to parents via e-mail or WhatsApp. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Modified silness-löe plaque ındex (mPLI)
Dental plaque accumulation was assessed using the Modified Silness-Löe Plaque Index (mPLI), a widely used tool for evaluating plaque presence on tooth surfaces, particularly suitable for pediatric and special needs populations. In accordance with the FDI tooth numbering system and expert consultation, six index teeth (3 buccal, 8 buccal, 14 buccal, 19 lingual, 24 buccal, and 30 lingual) were selected. Both buccal and lingual surfaces were examined. Each surface was scored on a 4-point scale (0 = no plaque; 1 = plaque detectable by probe; 2 = visible plaque; 3 = abundant plaque). The individual plaque score was calculated by dividing the total score by the number of surfaces examined. Scores were categorized as no (<0.1), mild (0.1-1.0), moderate (1.1-2.0), or severe (2.1-3.0) plaque accumulation.
Measured: Baseline, 1.,3., and 6. months
Gingival Index (GI)
Gingival health was assessed using the Silness-Löe Gingival Index, a validated tool used to evaluate gingival inflammation and overall periodontal health. Gingival inflammation was measured by gently probing four gingival surfaces of each selected tooth with a WHO periodontal probe, applying a force not exceeding 20 g. Each surface was scored on a 4-point scale (0-3). The individual gingival index score was calculated by dividing the total score by the number of surfaces examined. Scores were classified as no (<0.1), mild (0.1-1.0), moderate (1.1-2.0), or severe (2.1-3.0) inflammation.
Measured: Baseline, 1., 3., and 6. months
Toothbrushing assessment form
Toothbrushing performance was assessed using a structured 14-step protocol designed to evaluate toothbrushing skills and independence in oral hygiene practices, based on national guidelines and relevant literature. Each step was scored on a 4-point scale (0 = not completed, 1 = completed with caregiver assistance, 2 = completed with verbal guidance, 3 = completed independently). The overall score was calculated by dividing the total score by 14. The protocol includes essential brushing steps, such as cleaning anterior teeth and right and left posterior teeth in both jaws. This tool enables the systematic assessment of brushing accuracy, skill acquisition, and level of independence in children.
Measured: Baseline, 1., 3., and 6.months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Mar 2026
- Study start20 Sep 2021
- Primary completion23 Jun 2025
- Study completion23 Jun 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Care provider, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 120 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ministry of Health, Turkey
- Sponsor type
- Other government
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Müzeyyen Beste Sermet, Ministry of Health, Turkey
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07492810
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Bezmialem Vakıf Uni, 25836
- Acronym
- RCT
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 16 Mar 2026
- Last updated
- 25 Mar 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Mar 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Peer Video Modeling and 3D Jaw Video Modeling Training on Oral Health and Toothbrushing Skills in Children With Autism
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07492810
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- RCT / Bezmialem Vakıf Uni, 25836
- Conditions
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, Dental Health, Oral Hygiene, Oral Health, Pediatric Nursing
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), video modeling, peer video modeling, oral health, tooth brushing
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 120 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ministry of Health, TurkeyOther government
- Study start
- 20 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 23 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 23 Jun 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 25 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study was conducted to improve the oral hygiene habits of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to compare the effects of peer video modeling and three-dimensional (3D) jaw model simulation methods. The research was carried out at Istanbul Hamit Ibrahimiye Special Education Practice School with a randomized controlled experimental design, involving 120 children aged 6-12 years. The participants were divided into three groups: peer video modeling, 3D jaw model simulation, and control. Data collection tools included a sociodemographic information form, oral and dental health knowledge form, plaque index, gingival index and tooth brushing evaluation forms. The study was evaluated based on assessments conducted at baseline, 1st month, 3rd month, and 6th month.
The findings of the study revealed that the peer video modeling method significantly reduced the plaque index (p < 0.05) and led to a notable improvement in tooth brushing skills. The improvement observed in the 3D jaw model simulation group was more limited. In terms of long-term effects, peer video modeling was found to have a lasting impact on children's oral hygiene habits (p < 0.01). These results indicate that peer video modeling is particularly more effective in promoting tooth brushing habits among children with ASD.
In conclusion, peer video modeling appears to be a more effective method for oral and dental health education in children with ASD. Future studies should examine its long-term effects in more detail across different age groups. In addition, developing guideline materials for parents and educators may be beneficial.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (care provider, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Peer video modeling | Experimental | Other: Peer video modelingAfter obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist, under the researcher's supervision, using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a healthy 12-year-old boy demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. |
| 3D video modeling | Experimental | Other: 3D jaw video modelingAfter obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a 3D jaw model demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. |
| Control group | No intervention | –After obtaining written parental consent and demographic information, the study protocol is initiated. Oral examinations are conducted at the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. During the examination, the number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are systematically recorded. Children in the control group receive no intervention during the study period. Oral health assessments, including plaque index, gingival health, and toothbrushing performance, are conducted at predetermined time points (baseline, 1st, 3rd, and 6th months). At the end of the six-month study, children and their parents who have not received prior training are provided with toothbrushing education. The researcher demonstrates proper brushing techniques using a 3D jaw model in the school conference hall, and a peer video modeling material is sent to parents via e-mail or WhatsApp. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 6 to 12 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (12 listed)
- The child responds to their name when called.
- The child maintains eye contact for at least 2-5 minutes.
- The child follows simple instructions (e.g., come, sit, open-close mouth).
- The child can use at. least one reward (food, toy, or verbal).
- No sensory hypersensitivity.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Inability to sit in a specific place for 10 minutes.
- Refusal of physical contact (mouth, face, body).
- Severe autism (Grade 3).
- Mental retardation.
- Lack of parental consent.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Peer video modelingAfter obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist, under the researcher's supervision, using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a healthy 12-year-old boy demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. | Other | Peer video modeling |
| 3D jaw video modelingAfter obtaining written parental consent and demographic data, the study protocol is implemented. Oral examinations are conducted in the school infirmary by a pediatric dentist under researcher supervision using disposable materials. The number of teeth, caries and fillings, plaque index scores, and gingival health are recorded. Children and their parents then watch a 14-step toothbrushing instructional video in a separate classroom, in which a 3D jaw model demonstrates proper brushing behaviors with verbal instructions. Following the video, children practice brushing using a mirror and materials provided by the researcher. Performance is assessed using a 14-step tool scored from 0 to 3, and parents receive individualized feedback. For the peer video modeling group, a WhatsApp group is created, and parents are instructed to show the video daily before brushing. Assessments are conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using plaque and gingival indices. | Other | 3D video modeling |
Primary outcome
Modified silness-löe plaque ındex (mPLI)
Time frame: Baseline, 1.,3., and 6. months
Dental plaque accumulation was assessed using the Modified Silness-Löe Plaque Index (mPLI), a widely used tool for evaluating plaque presence on tooth surfaces, particularly suitable for pediatric and special needs populations. In accordance with the FDI tooth numbering system and expert consultation, six index teeth (3 buccal, 8 buccal, 14 buccal, 19 lingual, 24 buccal, and 30 lingual) were selected. Both buccal and lingual surfaces were examined. Each surface was scored on a 4-point scale (0 = no plaque; 1 = plaque detectable by probe; 2 = visible plaque; 3 = abundant plaque). The individual plaque score was calculated by dividing the total score by the number of surfaces examined. Scores were categorized as no (<0.1), mild (0.1-1.0), moderate (1.1-2.0), or severe (2.1-3.0) plaque accumulation.
Gingival Index (GI)
Time frame: Baseline, 1., 3., and 6. months
Gingival health was assessed using the Silness-Löe Gingival Index, a validated tool used to evaluate gingival inflammation and overall periodontal health. Gingival inflammation was measured by gently probing four gingival surfaces of each selected tooth with a WHO periodontal probe, applying a force not exceeding 20 g. Each surface was scored on a 4-point scale (0-3). The individual gingival index score was calculated by dividing the total score by the number of surfaces examined. Scores were classified as no (<0.1), mild (0.1-1.0), moderate (1.1-2.0), or severe (2.1-3.0) inflammation.
Toothbrushing assessment form
Time frame: Baseline, 1., 3., and 6.months
Toothbrushing performance was assessed using a structured 14-step protocol designed to evaluate toothbrushing skills and independence in oral hygiene practices, based on national guidelines and relevant literature. Each step was scored on a 4-point scale (0 = not completed, 1 = completed with caregiver assistance, 2 = completed with verbal guidance, 3 = completed independently). The overall score was calculated by dividing the total score by 14. The protocol includes essential brushing steps, such as cleaning anterior teeth and right and left posterior teeth in both jaws. This tool enables the systematic assessment of brushing accuracy, skill acquisition, and level of independence in children.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Mar 2026.
- Related InfoLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Peer video modeling and 3D jaw video modeling in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD and Dental Health, run by Ministry of Health, Turkey at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 12 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Modified silness-löe plaque ındex (mPLI) (time frame: Baseline, 1.,3., and 6. months). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Mar 2026.